ESTUDIO PRELIMINAR DEL MICROBIOMA DEL BULBO DE CEBOLLA COMO FUENTE DE MICROORGANISMOS ANTAGONISTAS PARA EL CONTROL DE LA PUDRICIÓN POSTCOSECHA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v14i2.20375Palabras clave:
cebolla, bioinsumo, microbioma, secador solar, AislamientosResumen
La cebolla es uno de los vegetales de mayor importancia económica en el mundo, pero alrededor del 30 % se pierde anualmente debido a enfermedades postcosecha. En zonas tropicales, como en los países de América Central, los secadores solares de bulbos generan un ambiente propicio para el desarrollo de podredumbres, las cuales se controlan mediante la aplicación de agroquímicos de alta residualidad. El uso de controladores biológicos en esta etapa puede ser una opción de manejo sostenible. Un análisis metabarcoding preliminar de las comunidades presentes en la superficie del bulbo puede ayudar a comprender la estructura y la funcionalidad de un ecosistema y servir de punto de partida para el desarrollo de bioinsumos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar el microbioma de la superficie del bulbo de cebolla mediante un enfoque de metabarcoding preliminar y descriptivo y aislar microorganismos antagonistas frente a los patógenos causantes de la pudrición del bulbo. El análisis del microbioma reveló diferencias entre las comunidades presentes en la superficie de la cebolla secada en un secador solar (SS) y en la secada en el campo bajo luz solar directa (SC). En el perfil taxonómico asociado al secado solar, el predominio de microorganismos termotolerantes y patógenos puede favorecer la pudrición blanda bacteriana, mientras que en la muestra secada al sol directo, la comunidad más equilibrada entre saprófitos, patógenos y controladores biológicos redujo la presencia de bacterias y hongos causantes de pudrición blanda. De los 108 aislados obtenidos, finalmente se seleccionaron tres bacterias por su antagonismo frente a Pseudomonas spp. y una frente a Penicillium spp., con valores de 60,67, 49,2, 44,05 y 24,72%, respectivamente. Las bacterias seleccionadas se clasificaron en el género Pseudomonas. Según nuestro análisis, el estudio del microbioma de los bulbos es la primera vez que se emplea para comparar métodos de secado de cebolla en producciones tropicales.
Palabras clave: bioinsumo; Allium cepa L.; microbioma; secador solar; bioformulación.
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