DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT SCALE IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL FORESTRY
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v14i1.20148Palavras-chave:
community empowerment, social forestry, scale validation, psychometrics, factor analysisResumo
Desenvolvimento e validação da escala de empoderamento comunitário no contexto da silvicultura social
RESUMO: Este estudo visa desenvolver e validar uma escala multidimensional para a medição do empoderamento comunitário no programa de Silvicultura Social da Indonésia. A urgência do empoderamento decorre da necessidade de um manejo florestal equitativo e sustentável, mas as ferramentas de medição permanecem limitadas, especialmente em comunidades dependentes de florestas em países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo empregou um delineamento quantitativo e transversal envolvendo 512 respondentes de Grupos de Silvicultura Social. O desenvolvimento do instrumento seguiu um processo sistemático: revisão da literatura, conceituação das dimensões e validação de conteúdo por meio de discussões em grupo focal com especialistas e membros da comunidade. A análise de dados consistiu em validade de conteúdo (Item-CVI), análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) por Fatoração de Eixo Principal com rotação Varimax, teste de confiabilidade (Alfa de Cronbach) e análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) por SEM baseada em covariância. Os resultados confirmam uma estrutura de cinco dimensões do empoderamento comunitário: Capacidade de Agir, Poder Interpessoal, Poder Interacional, Poder Coletivo e Poder de Resiliência. A escala de mensuração apresentou forte validade e confiabilidade, com excelentes índices de ajuste CFA (Qui-quadrado/df = 2,14; CFI = 0,943; TLI = 0,931; RMSEA = 0,054; SRMR = 0,041), cargas fatoriais > 0,60 e AVE (> 0,50) e RC (> 0,70) satisfatórios. Na prática, este estudo fornece uma ferramenta contextual robusta para avaliar programas de silvicultura social. Teoricamente, enriquece o discurso sobre a mensuração do empoderamento na governança de recursos naturais, ao enfatizar o papel do contexto cultural na psicometria.
Palavras-chave: empoderamento comunitário; silvicultura social; validação de escalas; psicometria; análise fatorial.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to develop and validate a multidimensional measurement scale for community empowerment within Indonesia’s Social Forestry program. The urgency of empowerment arises from the need for equitable and sustainable forest management, yet measurement tools remain limited, especially in forest-dependent communities in developing countries. This study employed a quantitative, cross-sectional design involving 512 respondents from Social Forestry Groups. Instrument development followed a systematic process: literature review, conceptualisation of dimensions, and content validation via Focus Group Discussions with experts and community members. Data analysis consisted of content validity (Item-CVI), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using Principal Axis Factoring with Varimax rotation, reliability testing (Cronbach's Alpha), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) via covariance-based SEM. The findings confirm a five-dimensional structure of community empowerment: Capacity to Act, Interpersonal Power, Interactional Power, Collective Power, and Resilience Power. The measurement scale showed strong validity and reliability, with excellent CFA fit indices (Chi-Square/df = 2.14; CFI = 0.943; TLI = 0.931; RMSEA = 0.054; SRMR = 0.041), factor loadings > 0.60, and satisfactory AVE (> 0.50) and CR (> 0.70). Practically, this study provides a robust, contextual tool for evaluating Social Forestry programs. Theoretically, it enriches discourse on empowerment measurement in natural resource governance, emphasizing the role of cultural context in psychometrics.
Keywords: community empowerment; social forestry; scale validation; psychometrics; factor analysis.
Referências
ALMANASREH, E.; MOLES, R.; CHEN, T. F. Evaluation of methods used for estimating content validity. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, v. 15, n. 2, p. 214-221, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.066
BUDIONO, H. D. S.; NURCAHYO, R.; HABIBURRAHMAN, M. Relationship between manufacturing complexity, strategy, and performance of manufacturing industries in Indonesia. Heliyon, v. 7, n. 6, e07225, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07225
CLARK, D. A.; BIGGERI, M.; FREDIANI, A. A. Participation, empowerment and capabilities: key lessons and future challenges. In: CLARK, D. A.; BIGGERI, M.; FREDIANI, A. A. (Eds.). The capability approach, empowerment and participation: concepts, methods and applications. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. p. 385-402. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-35230-9_15
COPE, A. B.; RAMIREZ, C.; DEVELLIS, R. F.; AGANS, R.; SCHOENBACH, V. J.; ADIMORA, A. A. Measuring Concurrency attitudes: development and validation of a vignette-based scale. Plos One, v. 11, n. 10, e0163947, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163947
CORMIER, B.; MANGER, M. S. Power, ideas, and World Bank conditionality. The Review of International Organizations, v. 17, n. 3, p. 397-425, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-021-09427-z
DASH, G.; PAUL, J. CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, v. 173, e121092, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
ERBAUGH, J. T. Responsibilization and social forestry in Indonesia. Forest Policy and Economics, v109, e102019, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102019
FAJAR, N. C.; KIM, J. S. The Impact of community-based forest management on local people around the forest: case study in Forest Management Unit Bogor, Indonesia. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, v. 35, n. 2, p. 102-114, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2019.35.2.102
FRIEDMAN, B. M.; KUTTNER, K. N. Money, Income, Prices, and Interest Rates. The American Economic Review, v. 82, n. 3, p. 472-492, 1992. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117316
GERYK, L. L.; BLALOCK, S.; DEVELLIS, R. F.; MORELLA, K.; CARPENTER, D. M. Associations Between patient characteristics and the amount of arthritis medication information patients receive. Journal of Health Communication, v. 21, n. 10, p. 1122-1130, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2016.1222036
GIVENS, J. E.; HUANG, X.; JORGENSON, A. K. Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental injustice. Sociology Compass, v. 13, n. 5, e12693, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12693
GRASS, A.; BACKMANN, J.; HOEGL, M. From empowerment dynamics to team adaptability: exploring and conceptualizing the continuous agile team innovation process. Journal of Product Innovation Management, v. 37, n. 4, p. 324-351, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12525
HAIR, J. F.; RINGLE, C. M.; GUDERGAN, S. P.; FISCHER, A.; NITZL, C.; MENICTAS, C. Partial least squares structural equation modeling-based discrete choice modeling: an illustration in modeling retailer choice. Business Research, v. 12, n. 1, p. 115-142, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-018-0072-4
HEINZEL, M.; LIESE, A. Managing performance and winning trust: How World Bank staff shape recipient performance. The Review of International Organizations, v. 16, n. 3, p. 625-653, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11558-021-09414-4
HOEKSTRA, R.; VUGTEVEEN, J.; WARRENS, M. J.; KRUYEN, P. M. An empirical analysis of alleged misunderstandings of coefficient alpha. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, v. 22, n. 4, p. 351-364, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1547523
JOO, D.; WOOSNAM, K. M.; STRZELECKA, M.; BOLEY, B. B. Knowledge, empowerment, and action: Testing the empowerment theory in a tourism context. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, v. 28, p. 69-85, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1675673
KANTH, D. B.; INDUMATHY, J.; KADHIRAVAN, S.; NAGASUBRAMANIYAN, G.; SRI LEKHA, P. P. Introduction to cultural adaptations and validation of measurement instruments. In: KANTH, D. B.; INDUMATHY, J.; KADHIRAVAN, S.; NAGASUBRAMANIYAN, G.; SRI LEKHA, P. P. (Eds.). Measuring couples and family dynamics in India: cultural adaptations and validations. London: Springer Nature, 2024. p. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2215-0_1
MADADIZADEH, F.; BAHARINIYA, S. Tutorial on how to calculating content validity of scales in medical research. Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management, v. 31, e100315, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcorm.2023.100315
MENGIE, T.; SZEMETHY, L. The Practice of community-based forest management in Northwest Ethiopia. Land, v.14, n. 7, e1407, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071407
PARHUSIP, S.; SUHARTI, S.; SUKANDI, T.; AMANO, M.; MATSUMURA, N. Economic analysis of local people’s involvement in Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) in Desa Ciomas, Indonesia. Journal of Forest Planning, v. 25, n. 1, p. 1-14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.2019.002
PULHIN, J. M.; RAMIREZ, M. A. M.; GARCIA, J. E.; PANGILINAN, M. J. Q.; EVARISTO, M. B. S.; CATUDIO, M. L. R. O.; MAGPANTAY, A. T.; TASICO, S. L.; PULHIN, F. B.; ABES, J. L.; MARIANO, B. J. S. Contextualizing sustainable forest management and social justice in community-based forest management (CBFM) program in the Philippines. Trees, Forests and People, v. 16, e100589, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100589
PURNOMO, E. P.; RAMDANI, R.; SALSABILA, L.; CHOI, J.-W. Challenges of community-based forest management with local institutional differences between South Korea and Indonesia. Development in Practice, v. 30, n. 8, p. 1082-1093, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2020.1749561
PUTRADITAMA, A.; KIM, Y.-S.; BARAL, H. Where to put community-based forestry?: reconciling conservation and livelihood in Lampung, Indonesia. Trees, Forests and People, v. 4, e100062, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100062
REYES, M. C.; FLORES, J.; FERNANDEZ, C. Community-based forest management: challenges and opportunities in Tropical Asia. Journal of Selvicoltura Asean, v. 1, n. 5, e5, 2024. https://doi.org/10.70177/jsa.v1i5.1668
SAMBODO, M. T.; HIDAYAT, S.; RAHMAYANTI, A. Z.; HANDOYO, F. W.; YULIANA, C. I.; HIDAYATINA, A.; PURWANTO, P.; SURYANTO, J.; YAUMIDIN, U. K.; NADJIB, M.; ASTUTY, E. D. Towards a new approach to community-based rural development: lessons learned from Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, v. 9, n. 2, e2267741, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2267741
SHARAUNGA, S.; MUDHARA, M.; BOGALE, A. Conceptualisation and measurement of women’s empowerment revisited. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, v. 20, p. 1-25, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2018.1546280
SHROTRYIA, V. K.; DHANDA, U. Content validity of assessment instrument for employee engagement. SAGE Open, v. 9, n. 1, e2158244018821751, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018821751
SWAISS, A. Empowering all, achieving more: a critical analysis of World Bank’s gender strategy 2.0 for sustainable development. SSRN Scholarly - Social Science Research Network, e4815410 2024. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4815410
THEMISTOCLEOUS, C.; PAGIASLIS, A.; SMITH, A.; WAGNER, C. A comparison of scale attributes between interval-valued and semantic differential scales. International Journal of Market Research, v. 61, n. 4, p. 394-407, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785319831227
VAINAUSKIENĖ, V.; VAITKIENĖ, R. Enablers of Patient Knowledge Empowerment for Self-management of chronic disease: an integrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, v. 18, n. 5, e2247, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052247
VINEIS, P.; GAMBHIR, A. Social inequalities and the environmental crisis: Need for an intergenerational alliance. Frontiers in Public Health, v. 11, e1226961, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1226961
WAHYU, A.; SUHARJITO, D.; DARUSMAN, D.; SYAUFINA, L. The development of community-based forest management in Indonesia and its contribution to community welfare and forest condition. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, v. 528, n. 1, e012037, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/528/1/012037
WINSTON, N. Sustainable community development: integrating social and environmental sustainability for sustainable housing and communities. Sustainable Development, v. 30, n. 1, p. 191-202, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2238
WONG, E. C.; MAHER, A. R.; MOTALA, A.; ROSS, R.; AKINNIRANYE, O.; LARKIN, J.; HEMPEL, S. Methods for Identifying health research gaps, needs, and priorities: a scoping review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, v. 37, n. 1, p. 198-205, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07064-1
ZIMMERMAN, M. A.; EISMAN, A. B. Empowering interventions: Strategies for addressing health inequities across levels of analysis. In: BOND, M. A.; SERRANO-GARCÍA, I.; KEYS, C. B.; SHINN, M. (Eds.). APA handbook of community psychology: Methods for community research and action for diverse groups and issues. Vol. 2. Washington: American Psychological Association (APA), 2017. p. 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1037/14954-011
ZIMMERMAN, S. D. The returns to college admission for academically marginal students. Journal of Labor Economics, v. 32, n. 4, p. 711-754, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1086/676661
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Como Citar
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Nativa
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Direitos Autorais para artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação para a revista. Em virtude de a aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais.
A artigos publicados nessa revista, podem ser reproduzidos parcialmente ou utilizados como referência por outros autores, desde que seja cita a fonte, ou seja, a Revista Nativa.
Copyright for articles published in this journal are the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal shows open access, and articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and non-commercial.
The articles published in this journal may be reproduced in part or used as a reference by other authors, provided that the source is quoted.
