GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DURING INTERMODAL TRANSPORT OF TIMBER EXPORTED FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A CASE STUDY

Tamires Louise Santos Lima; Mariana Peres de Lima  Chaves e Carvalho; Renato Cesar Gonçalves  Robert; Samuel de Pádua  Chaves e Carvalho

doi:10.31413/nat.v12i3.19339

Authors

Tamires Louise Santos Lima talouiselima@gmail.com
Postgraduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
Mariana Peres de Lima Chaves e Carvalho marianaperes212@gmail.com
Postgraduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. / Forestry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-4579
Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert renatorobert@ufpr.br
Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. *(In-Memorian) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0598-5112
Samuel de Pádua Chaves e Carvalho sam.padua@gmail.com
Postgraduate Program in Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. / Forestry Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5590-9049

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31413/nat.v12i3.19339

Keywords:

Amazon Forest, Greenhouse gases, Timber transportation

Abstract

Approximately 92% of timber from the Brazilian Amazon is consumed domestically, mostly for use in construction. The main destination for this wood is the Southeast and South regions of the country, relying heavily on road transport, which is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. This study simulated carbon dioxide emissions associated with intramodal transport of this timber from forest management units to sawmills, ports, and international consumer markets, comparing values for transporting raw wood versus processed lumber to be used in long-lasting applications that serve as carbon reservoirs. Carbon stocks in the harvested wood were also calculated to estimate the balance of emissions sequestered during growth and pollution resulting from wood transport. A total of 7,388.57 t of CO₂ were generated during shipping, which included road (4,672.64 t), river (111.25 t), and maritime (2,604.68 t) routes covering over 48,000 km. In contrast, a total of 37,268.9 t CO₂ was sequestered and stored in the wood. We determined that transport emissions represented 19.81% of the stored carbon, indicating a significant mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.

Keywords: Amazon rainforest; carbon balance; greenhouse gases; timber transportation.

References

ALICE-GUIER, F. E.; MOHREN, F.; ZUIDEMA, P. The life cycle carbon balance of selective logging in tropical forests of Costa Rica. Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 24, p. 534-547, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12958

AMATA. Plano de Manejo Florestal Sustentável - PMFS Pleno - UMF III Flona do Jamari em Rondônia. 1st ed. São Paulo; 2009. 142p.

BRANDÃO, M.; LEVASSEUR, A.; KIRSCHBAUM, M.; WEIDEMA, B.; COWIE, A.; JØRGENSEN, S.; CHOMKHAMSRI, K. Key issues and options in accounting for carbon sequestration and temporary storage in life cycle assessment and carbon footprinting. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, v. 18, n. 1, p. 230-240, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-012-0451-6

BRUNET-NAVARRO, P.; JOCHHEIM, H.; MUYS, B. The effect of increasing lifespan and recycling rate on carbon storage in wood products from a theoretical model to application for the European wood sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, v. 22, n. 8, p. 1193-1205, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-016-9722-z

CAMARGOS, J. A. A.; CORADIN, V. T. R.; CZARNESKI, C. M.; de OLIVEIRA, D.; MEGUERDITCHIAN, I. Catálogo de árvores do Brasil. Brasília. 2001. 896 p.

CAMPOS, E. F.; PUNHAGUI, K. R. G.; JOHN, V. M. Emissão de CO2 no transporte da madeira nativa da Amazônia. Ambiente Construído, v. 11, n. 2, p. 157-172, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-86212011000200011

CARMO, F. C. A. Balanço da emissão de gases carbônicos nas operações florestais e sequestro de carbono em florestas plantadas no Espírito Santo. 68f. Tese [Doutorado em Ciências Florestais] - Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro, 2016.

CORREA, V. H. C.; RAMOS, P. A. Precariedade do Transporte Rodoviário Brasileiro para o escoamento da produção de soja do Centro-Oeste: situação e perspectivas. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, v. 48, n. 2, p. 447-472, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-20032010000200009

CRAIG, A. J.; BLANCO, E. E.; SHEIFFI, Y. Estimating the CO2 intensity of intermodal freight transportation. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, v. 22, p. 49-53, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.02.016

Ecological Transport Information Tool. EcoTransITCalculator. Available from: http://www.ecotransit.org. Accessed at: 16 Jan. 2021.

REFLORA. Herbário Virtual. Available from: http://www.floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br. Accessed at: 27 Apr. 2022.

GUSTAVSSON, L.; ERIKSSON, L.; SATHRE, R. Costs and CO₂ Benefits of Recovering, Refining and Transporting Logging Residues for Fossil Fuel Replacement. Applied Energy, v.88, n. 1, p. 192-197, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.026

HIGUCHI, N.; CARVALHO, J.R. Fitomassa, conteúdo e carbono de espécies arbóreas da Amazônia. Paper presented at: Seminário emissão x seqüestro de CO2- Uma nova oportunidade de negócios para o Brasil. 1994.

IPT_Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas. Informações sobre Madeiras. Available from: http://www.ipt.br/informacoes_madeiras. Accessed at: 19 Out. 2021.

IPCC_Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change. Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Swiss: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Issue 2: Energy. 2019. 15p. Available on: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/06/19R_V0_01_Overview_advance.pdf. Accessed at: 27 Apr. 2022.

LEAL JUNIOR, I. C.; VALVA, D. C.; GUIMARÃES, V. A.; TEODORO, P. Análise da matriz de transporte brasileira: consumo de energia e emissão de CO2. Revista UNIABEU, v. 8, n. 18, p. 49-64, 2015.

LENTINI, M.; VERÍSSIMO, A.; SOBRAL, L. Fatos florestais da Amazônia. Belém: Imazon, 2003. 124p.

LIMA, M. P. Panorama do transporte rodoviário de madeira bruta e em toras na região do Arco de Desflorestamento na Amazônia. 278 f. Tese [Doutorado em Ciências] – Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2014

LIMA, T. L. S. Balanço do dióxido de carbono pela emissão em duas situações de transporte madeireiro na Amazônia: unimodal e intermodal. 95 f. Dissertação [Mestrado em Ciências Florestais e Ambientais] – Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 2022

MORONI, M. T. Simple models of the role of forests and wood products in greenhouse gas mitigation. Australian Forestry, v. 76, n. 1, p. 50-57, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2013.776921

NOGUEIRA, E. M.; FEARNSIDE, P. M.; NELSON, B. W.; BARBOSA, R. I.; KEIZER, E. W. H. Estimates of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: New allometric equations and adjustments to biomass from wood-volume inventories. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 256, p. 1853-1867, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.07.022

Observatório do clima: Análise das emissões brasileiras de gases de efeito estufa e suas implicações para as metas do Brasil 1970-2019. Available on: http://seeg.eco.br/documentos-analiticos. Accessed at: 15 Jun. 2022.

PBMC_Painel brasileiro de mudanças climáticas. Available on: http://www.pbmc.coppe.ufrj.br. Accessed at: 15 Jan. 2022.

PEREIRA, D.; SANTOS, D.; VEDOVETO, M.; GUIMARÃES, J.; VERÍSSIMO, A. Fatos Florestais da Amazônia. Belém: Imazon, 2010. 124p.

RICHARDS, G. P.; BOROUGH, C.; EVANS, D.; REDDIN, A.; XIMENES, F.; GARDNER, D. Developing a carbon stocks and flows model for Australian wood products. Australian Forestry, v. 70, n. 2, p. 108-119, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2007.10675009

SEIXAS, F. Novas tecnologias no transporte rodoviário de madeira. In: Simpósio Brasileiro sobre Colheita e Transporte Florestal, V. Paper... Piracicaba: IPEF, 2001. 28p. Available on: https://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/acervohistorico/informacoestecnicas/novas_tecnologias_no_transporte_rodoviario_de_madeira.pdf.

SFB_Serviço Florestal Brasileiro. Forest Products Laboratory. Available from: https://lpf.florestal.gov.br/pt-br. Accessed at: 30 Oct. 2021.

SMITH, P.; BUSTAMANTE, M.; AHAMMAD, H.; CLARK, H.; DONG, H.; ELSIDDIG, E. A.; TUBIELLO, F. Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In: CLIMATE CHANGE: Mitigation of climate change. Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. 1120. Available on: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter11.pdf

UNFCCC_United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change. Kyoto Protocol Reference Manual on Accounting of Emissions and Assigned Amount. 2014. 130p. Available from: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/08_unfccc_kp_ref_manual.pdf. Accessed at: 10 Feb. 2022.

VETTORAZZI, A. C.; JOAO, A. M.; ROCHA, F. V.; CAIXETA-FILHO, J. V. Emissão de CO2 na logística de exportação de soja do Mato Grosso: o caso das exportações pelo Arco Norte. Empreendedorismo, Gestão e Negócios, v. 6, p. 225-245, 2017.

WRI Brasil. COP 26: proteção de florestas vira prioridade global. Brasil precisará transformar promessas em ações concretas. Available on: https://wribrasil.org.br/pt/blog/posicionamento-wribrasil-cop26-florestas-metas-climaticas-ndc?gclid=Cj0KCQiA3rKQBhCNARIsACUEW_aaoOznegniF-LNA1857dDeIBcV00q6SsvcOgwTTqGtcZnLzuBgybMaAiC2EALw_wcB. Accessed at: 10 Feb. 2022.