MORPHOLOGICAL AND ELEMENTARY EVALUATION OF WOODEN CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FROM ACTIVATED CARBON INDUSTRY
DOI:
10.31413/nativa.v7i2.6419Resumo
AVALIAÇÃO MORFOLÓGICA E ELEMENTAR DE MATERIAIS CARBONÁCEOS DE MADEIRA DA INDÚSTRIA DE CARBONO ATIVADA
A preocupação mundial na redução dos gases de efeito estufa para a atmosfera, combinada com leis ambientais mais rigorosas, tem levado a um aumento dos estudos sobre a energia renovável. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar lascas de madeira e carvão ativado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Os cavacos são oriundos de uma floresta de Pinus elliottii voltada para fins energéticos e foram queimados em uma fornalha de uma caldeira de geração de vapor. Esse vapor gerado pela caldeira em fornalhas apropriadas é utilizado na ativação de carvão vegetal por pequenos produtores regionais. MEV indicou um aumento na porosidade do carvão vegetal com o processo de ativação, e a análise EDS indicou que tanto os cavacos quanto os carvões, com e sem ativação, não apresentaram contaminantes, como os metais pesados. Este estudo revelou uma baixa toxicidade dos materiais lignocelulósicos à base de Pinus elliottii. A queima de cavacos de madeira na caldeira e o processo de ativação de carvão vegetal não apresentaram riscos ambientais.
Palavras-chave: energia florestal, carbonização, carvão ativado, metais, porosidade.
ABSTRACT:
The worldwide concern of reducing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere combined with more stringent environmental laws has led to an increase in studies of renewable energy. This research aimed to characterize wood chips and activated charcoal by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The chips came from an energy forest of Pinus elliottii and were burned in the furnace of a boiler for steam generation. This steam generated by the boiler in appropriate furnaces is used in the activation of wood charcoal from small regional producers. SEM showed an increase in the porosity of the charcoal with the activation process, and EDS analysis indicated both chips and charcoals, with and without activation, have no contaminants, such as heavy metals. This study revealed a low toxicity of lignocellulosic materials based on Pinus elliottii. The burning of wooden chips in the boiler as well as the activation process of wood charcoal did not present apparent environmental risks.
Keywords: forestry energy, carbonization, activated carbon, metals, porosity.
Referências
ACHARYA, J.; SAHU, J. N.; MOHANTY, C. R.; MEIKAP, B. C. Removal of lead (II) from wastewater by activated carbon developed from Tamarind wood by zinc chloride activation. Chemical Engineering Journal, Lausanne, v. 149, n. 1-3, p. 249-262, 2009. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2008.10.029
AHMAD, F.; DAUD, W. M. A. W.; AHMAD, M. A.; RADZI, R.; AZMI, A. A. The effects of CO2 activation, on porosity and surface functional groups of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) – shell based activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 1, n. 3, p. 378-388, 2013. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.06.004
AHMED, M.J., THEYDAN, S.K. Optimization of microwave preparation conditions for activated carbon from Albizia lebbeck seed pods for methylene blue dye adsorption. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, v. 105, p. 199–208, 2014. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.11.005
AI, N.; ZENG, G.; ZHOU, H.; HE, Y. Co-production of activated carbon and bio-oil from agricultural residues by molten salt pyrolysis. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 8, n. 2, p. 1551-1562, 2013.
BANGASH, F. K.; ALAM, S. Adsorption of acid blue 1 on activated carbon produced from the wood of Ailanthus altissima. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, São Paulo, v. 26, n. 2, p. 275-285, 2009. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-66322009000200005
CUNHA, M. P. S. C., PONTES, C. L. F., A., C. I., CABRAL, M. T. F. D., NETO, Z. B., & BARBOSA, A. P. Estudo químico de 55 espécies lenhosas para geração de energia em caldeiras. Encontro Brasileiro Em Madeiras e em Estruturas de Madeira, 3., 1989, São Carlos. Anais...São Carlos: 1989. v. 2. p. 93- 121.
DEIANA, A. C.; SARDELLA, M. F.; SILVA, H.; AMAYA, A.; TANCREDI, N. Use of grape stalk, a waste of the viticulture industry, to obtain activated carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Amsterdam, v. 172, n. 1, p. 13-19, 2009. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.095
FOO, K. Y.; HAMEED, B. H. Mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by K2CO3 activation using microwave heating. Bioresource Technology, Essex, v. 111, p. 425-432, 2012. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.141
GAO, J.; KONG, D.; WANG, Y.; WU, J.; SUN, S.; XU, P. Production of mesoporous activated carbon from tea fruit peel residues and its evaluation of methylene blue removal from aqueous solutions. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 8, n. 2, p. 2145-2160, 2013.
GONZÁLEZ, P. G.; HERNÁNDEZ-QUIROZ, T.; GARCÍA-GONZÁLEZ, L. The use of experimental design and response surface methodologies for the synthesis of chemically activated carbons produced from bamboo. Fuel Processing Technology, Amsterdam, v.127, p.133-139, 2014. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.05.035
HEIDARI, A.; YOUNESI, H.; RASHIDI, A.; GHOREYSHI, A. Adsorptive removal of CO2 on highly microporous activated carbons prepared from Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood: effect of chemical activation. Journal of Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, v. 45, n. 2, p. 579-588, 2014. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.06.007
HERNÁNDEZ, A. M.; LABADY, M.; LAINE, J. Granular activated carbon from wood originated from tropical virgin forest. Open Journal of Forestry, v. 4, n. 3, p. 208-211, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2014.43027
HESAS, R. H.; ARAMI-NIYA, A.; DAUD, W. M. A. W.; SAHU, J. N. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from apple waste by microwave-assisted phosphoric acid activation: application in methylene blue adsorption. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 8, n. 2, p. 2950-2966, 2013.
KROSCHWITZ, J. I.; HOWE-GRANT, M. Encyclopedia of chemical technology. 4. ed.New York, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1992. 1018 p.
HU, S.; HSIEH, Y. Preparation of activated carbon and silica particles from rice straw. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Austin, v. 2, n. 4, p. 726-734, 2014. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/sc5000539
KHADIRAN, T.; HUSSEIN, M. Z.; ZAINAL, Z.; RUSLI, R. Textural and chemical properties of activated carbon prepared from tropical peat soil by chemical activation method. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 10, n. 1, p. 986-1007, 2015.
KIM, S. H.; BIDKAR, A.; NGO, H. H.; VIGNESWARAN, S.; MOON, H. Adsorption and mass transfer characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl on activated carbon. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Seoul, v. 18, n. 2, p. 163-169, 2001. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02698454
KÖSEOĞLU, E; AKMIL-BAŞAR, C. Preparation, structural evaluation and adsorptive properties of activated carbon from agricultural waste biomass. Advanced Powder Technology, v. 26, n. 3, p. 811-818, 2015. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2015.02.006
KRONKA, F. J. N.; BERTOLANI, F.; PONCE, R. H. A Cultura do Pinus no Brasil. São Paulo: SBS/Páginas e Letras, 2005. 156 p.
LACERDA, V. S.; LÓPEZ-SOTELO, J. B.; CORREA-GUIMARÃES, A.; HERNÁNDEZ-NAVARRO, S.; SÁNCHEZ-BÁSCONES, M.; NAVAS-GRACIA, L. M.; MARTÍN-RAMOS, P.; MARTÍN-GIL, J. Rhodamine B removal with activated carbons obtained from lignocellulosic waste. Journal of Environmental Management, London, v. 155, n. 2015, p.67-76, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.03.007
LIU, W.; ZHAO, G. Effect of temperature and time on microstructure and surface functional groups of activated carbon fibers prepared from liquefied wood. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 7, n. 4, p. 5552-5567, 2012.
LU, G.Q.; LOW, J.C.F.; LIU, C.Y.; LUA, A.C. Surface-area development of sewagesludge during pyrolysis. Fuel, London, v. 74, n. 3, p. 344-348, 1995. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)93465-P
MACHADO, G. O.; COOKSON, L.; CHRISTOFORO, A. L.; POLITO, W. L.; SILVA, M. R.; CALIL JUNIOR, C.; LAHR, F. A. R. Wood preservation based on neem oil: evaluation of fungicidal and termiticidae effectiveness. Forest Products Journal, Madison, v. 63, p. 202-206, 2013. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-13-00050
MARSHALL, W. E.; WARTELLE, L. H.; AKIN, D. E. Flax shive as a source of activated carbon for metals remediation. BioResources, Raleigh, v. 2, n. 1, p. 82-90, 2007.
MOHAN, D.; SINGH, K. P. Single- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse–an agricultural waste. Water Research, New York, v. 36, n. 9, p. 2304-2318, 2002. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00447-X
NABARLATZ, D.; DE CELIS, J.; BONELLI, P.; CUKIERMAN, A. L. Batch and dynamic sorption of Ni (II) ions by activated carbon based on a native lignocellulosic precursor. Journal of Environmental Management, London, v. 97, n. 2012, p. 109-115, 2012. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.11.008
NAHIL, M. A.; WILLIAMS, P. T. Pore characteristics of activated carbons from the phosphoric acid chemical activation of cotton stalks. Biomass & Bioenergy, Oxford, v.37, p.142-149, 2012. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.019
NGERNYEN, Y.; TANGSATHITKULCHAI, C.; TANGSATHITKULCHAI, M. Porous properties of activated carbon produced from Eucalyptus and wattle wood by carbon dioxide activation. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Seoul, v. 23, n. 6, p.1046-1054,2006. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-006-0028-9
REED, A. R.; WILLIAMS, P. T. Thermal processing of biomass natural fibre wastes by pyrolysis. International Journal of Energy Research, Chichester, v. 28, n. 2, p. 131-145, 2004. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.956
SRINIVASAKANNAN, C.; ABU BAKAR, M. Z. Production of activated carbon from rubber wood sawdust. Biomass & Bioenergy, Oxford, v. 27, n. 1, p .89-96, 2004. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.11.002
TENG, H.; YEH, T.-S.; HSU, L.-Y. Preparation of activated carbon from bituminous coal with phosphoric acid activation. Carbon, Elmsford, v. 36, n. 9, p. 1387-1395, 1998. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00127-4
VARGAS, A. M. M.; CAZETTA, A. L.; GARCIA, C. A.; MORAES, J. C. G.; NOGAMI, E. M.; LENZI, E.; COSTA, W. F.; ALMEIDA, V. C. Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from a new raw lignocellulosic material: flamboyant (Delonix regia) pods. Journal of Environmental Management, London, v. 92, n. 1, p. 178-184, 2011. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.09.013
XIA, Y.; MASSE, D. I.; MCALLISTER, T. A.; BEAULIEU, C.; UNGERFELD, E. Anaerobic digestion of chicken feather with swine manure or slaughterhouse sludge for biogas production. Waste Management, Elmsford, v. 32, n.2012, p.404–409, 2012. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.024
YAHIA, M. A.; AL-QODAH, Z.; NGAH, C. W. Z. Agricultural bio-waste materials as potential sustainable precursors used for activated carbon production: a review. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Review, v. 46, p. 218-235, 2015. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.051
ZHANG, J.; ZHANG, W. Preparation and characteristics of activated carbon from wood bark and its use for adsorption of Cu (II). Medžiagotyra, Kaunas, v. 20, n. 4, p. 474-478, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.20.4.6400
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Direitos Autorais para artigos publicados nesta revista são do autor, com direitos de primeira publicação para a revista. Em virtude de a aparecerem nesta revista de acesso público, os artigos são de uso gratuito, com atribuições próprias, em aplicações educacionais e não-comerciais.
A artigos publicados nessa revista, podem ser reproduzidos parcialmente ou utilizados como referência por outros autores, desde que seja cita a fonte, ou seja, a Revista Nativa.
Copyright for articles published in this journal are the authors, with first publication rights granted to the journal. The journal shows open access, and articles are free to use, with proper attribution, in educational and non-commercial.
The articles published in this journal may be reproduced in part or used as a reference by other authors, provided that the source is quoted.
