The "Nativa" is a scientific journal (ISSN 2318-7670) that is disseminated online and published by the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). The Journal focuses on disseminating original and unpublished articles, technical notes and/or reviews, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish. The areas covered by Revista Nativa are Agricultural Sciences (Agronomy, Agricultural Engineering, Forestry Engineering and Zootechnics), Environmental Sciences (Biodiversity, Natural Resources and Environment) and Rural Development (and its interdisciplinarity). NATIVA is a scientific journal that does not seek financial profits for publishers or editors (non-profit). Submissions and publications are continuous. There are no article submission fees. The publication fee for Brazilian authors is R$400.00, and for international authors, it is $150.00 (US dollars), regardless of the number of pages. (APC updated in July/2024). For Brazilian authors, payments must be made via Fundação Uniselva (Support Foundation for UFMT) using a bank slip to be generated with the data of the author responsible for the payment (who must be part of the body of authors of the manuscript). To make the payment, please access the link: https://web.fundacaouniselva.org.br/frmInscricao.aspx?_id=40720 For international authors, when the articles are “accepted for publication”, the authors will receive an email from the Journal with information on how to pay the publication fee (of $150.00) Readers Authors Librarians
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EFFECT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL SOLUBILIZATION OF PHOSPHORUS ON NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF GRAPEVINES
Phosphorus bioavailability for integrated management of phosphate fertilizers consists of using microorganisms that make this element soluble to plants naturally. The study evaluated the inoculation of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in the solubilization of phosphate in grapevines in the Submiddle São Francisco Valley. The experiment was carried out at the Topfruit farm in Petrolina-PE, with the Sweet Celebration variety. The design included three treatments: control (standard farm management), one application of P. fluorescens and four weekly applications, both at a dose of 100 ml/ha-1. Soluble phosphorus in soil and leaves, soil pH, chlorophylls A and B and microbiological incidence were analyzed. The data were submitted to the Tukey test at 5% using the Sisvar software. The results showed an increase in soluble phosphorus in soil and leaves, increase in chlorophylls A and B, reduction in pH and suppression of pathogenic microorganisms in the soil. Thus, the inoculation of P. fluorescens can improve the nutritional management of phosphorus in grapevines cultivated in the Submiddle São Francisco Valley region.
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Sweet celebration, São Francisco Valley
Fertilidade do solo e nutrição de plantas
Copyright (c) 2025 Nativa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
NUTRIENT CONTENT AND RETRANSLOCATION IN ‘GRAND NAIN’ BANANA
The objective was to compare the contents and rates of nutrient retranslocation between flowering and harvest in the ‘Grand Nain’ banana subjected to irrigation depths and planting densities. The 16 treatments were arranged in a split-plot scheme, in a randomized block design, with four replications. Two irrigation depths, 50 and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) allocated to the plots, four planting densities, 2,000, 2,600, 3,200 and 4,000 plants ha-1, in the subplots, and two sampling times, flowering and harvest, in the subsubplots. B and N are the nutrients most influenced by irrigation depth factors, planting densities and sampling times, followed by P and Mg, while K, Ca, S, Cu, Fe Mn, Zn and Na vary with sampling times. There is an accumulation at harvest time for nutrients with little mobility and a decrease for those with greater mobility. The retranslocation rates for macronutrients are P > K > N > Mg > S, for micronutrients and Na, Cu > Zn > Na > Fe > B and negative for Mn. Increasing planting density and/or reducing irrigation depth keeps nutrient levels within the appropriate range.
Musa AAA, sampling, biochemical cycling, planting density, irrigation depths.
LONG-TERM TOXICITY OF LANTHANUM TO AMPHIPODS Hyalella azteca
The impact of rare-earth elements (REEs) on living organisms is still unexplored. This study aimed to determine the toxicological properties of lanthanum (La) under prolonged exposure to the benthic amphipod Hyalella azteca, Saussure. The artificially created environmental condition models were water with La spiking in concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 160 µmol L-1 (mass concentrations of 0.0006 - 0.6 mg L-1) as La₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O. The observation period lasted 40 days. Based on mortality rates, La concentrations of 160 and 16 µmol L-1 (22.4 and 2.24 mg L-1) were toxic in the acute experiment. In contrast, concentrations of 1.6, 0.8, and 0.16 µmol L-1 (0.224, 0.112, 0.022 mg L-1) exerted delayed chronic toxic effects on H. azteca. The linear dimensions and body mass of the amphipods increased in response to La concentrations of 0.16 and 0.8 µmol L-1, but further increases of metal concentrations reduced the parameters compared to lower concentrations. In all test groups except 0.16 µmol L-1, a significant increase in food consumption (biomass of Acer platanoides L.) was observed compared to the control. This effect is attributed to the compensation of toxic stress through increased feeding activity. H. azteca exhibits adverse effects of La exposure. Mortality and morphological parameters serve as the most sensitive test endpoints for these amphipods. Keywords: bioassay; survival; feeding behavior; chronic toxicity.
Ciências Ambientais / Environmental Sciences
lanthanum, bioassay, survival, growth, feeding behavior, Hyalella azteca, chronic toxicity
environmental sciences marine engineering
MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACH IN SELECTING MACHINES FOR MECHANIZED WOOD CUTTING
The selection of machines for mechanized wood cutting can become a highly complex decision due to the necessary balance between traditional and innovative comparison criteria. The objective of this study was to apply a multicriteria approach in the choice of machines for mechanized wood cutting. Three harvester alternatives (PH7, JDW, VM6) were proposed, evaluated on six criteria based on machine telemetry, being Productivity, Operational Efficiency, Mechanical Availability, Ratio of Productive, Unproductive and Mechanical Notes (PR, EO, DM, RAP, RAI, RAM). Through peer comparison, the VM6 machine had a 72% chance of being chosen, followed by JDW with 70% and PH7 with 60%. The results were validated through statistical analysis, which indicated that the PH7 machine was significantly inferior to the VM6 and the JDW in all the criteria evaluated. The multicriteria analysis showed significant results regarding the weighting of the variables considered in the study based on the opinion of experts. However, it is recommended that future studies consider a greater number of variables, such as acquisition cost, long-term durability, maintenance costs, and compatibility with the conditions of the forest terrain, for a more assertive decision in the selection process.
Engenharia Florestal / Forest Engineering
Ciências Agrárias - Recursos Florestais e Engenharia Florestal
ESTOQUES DE CARBONO E NITROGÊNIO TOTAIS E PROPRIEDADES QUÍMICAS DO SOLO NO CULTIVO DE CEBOLA
O trabalho objetivou avaliar as propriedades químicas e os estoques de carbono (C) e de nitrogênio (N) do solo sob cultivo de cebola por 16 anos, no sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças (SPDH), comparado com o sistema de preparo convencional (SPC) e o sistema de plantio direto (SPD). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e três tratamentos: SPD - sucessão milho/cebola anual; SPC - sucessão milho/cebola anual; SPDH - consórcio mucuna+milheto+girassol e cebola anual. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm e 10-30 cm para avaliação dos atributos químicos do solo e dos estoques de C e N. Não foram verificadas diferenças de pH e de densidade do solo entre os tratamentos. O SPDH apresentou maiores teores de potássio entre 10 e 30 cm. Para o fósforo, o SPDH e o SPD apresentaram os maiores valores nos intervalos de 0-5 e 5-10 cm. O SPDH tem maior potencial para armazenar C e N em comparação com os demais tratamentos. O consórcio de plantas de cobertura no SPDH é eficaz para aumentar os teores de potássio em profundidade, bem como promover maiores teores e estoques de C e N em comparação aos tratamentos SPD e SPC. Palavras-chave: sistema de plantio direto de hortaliças; ciclagem de nutrientes; consórcio de plantas de cobertura; acúmulo de carbono. Total carbon and nitrogen stocks and soil chemical properties in onion production ABSTRACT: The study aimed to evaluate soil chemical properties and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks after 16 years of onion cultivation in the no-till vegetable system (SPDH) compared with the conventional tillage system (SPC) and the no-till system (SPD). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates and three treatments: SPD (annual maize/onion rotation), SPC (annual maize/onion rotation), and SPDH (a mix of velvet bean, pearl millet, and sunflower intercropped with annual onion). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm, and 10–30 cm to assess chemical properties and C and N stocks. No significant differences were observed for soil pH or bulk density among treatments. The SPDH showed higher potassium levels at 10–30 cm. For phosphorus, SPDH and SPD had the highest values at 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm depths. SPDH demonstrated a greater capacity for storing C and N compared to the other treatments. The plant cover mix in SPDH proved effective in increasing potassium at deeper soil layers and enhancing C and N levels and stocks relative to SPD and SPC treatments. Keywords: no-tillage vegetable system; nutrient cycling; cover crop consortium; carbon accumulation.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOAGRONÔMICA E NUTRICIONAL DE VARIEDADES CRIOULAS DE FEIJÃO-CAUPI
Morphoagronomic and nutritional characterization of landraces is necessary in order to select genotypes with traits of interest. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of creole varieties in terms of production and nutritional composition. Seventeen landraces and three control cultivars were evaluated. The experiment was divided into two parts. In the first, carried out in the field, morphoagronomic characterization was carried out and in the second, nutritional characterization was carried out. In the field experiment, the varieties were sown in the experimental area and conducted in randomized blocks. The nutritional characterization experiment was carried out in the meat and fish laboratory of the food engineering course. Qualitative and multicategorical data were evaluated by hierarchical grouping analysis using the dendrogram and the Toucher method, while quantitative data were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared using Tukey's test (p<0.05). Landraces of cowpea present variability for the evaluated traits. For traits related to production and nutritional quality, landraces perform better than controls. This variability can be explored in genetic improvement programs, aiming to obtain more productive cultivars with grains of better nutritional value.
Cândida Hermínia Campos de Magalhães Bertini
A CASE STUDY ON THE OCCUPATIONAL RISKS OF SEMI-MECHANIZED WOOD CUTTING
Occupational risks in semi-mechanized forest harvesting: a case study. Semi-mechanized cutting of wood presents physical, ergonomic and environmental occupational risks to the workers involved. By prioritizing the health and safety of workers, companies can reduce leaves from accidents, the burden of injuries and occupational diseases, and at the same time, increase productivity and overall well-being. In view of the above, this work aimed to conduct a case study on the occupational risks of semi-mechanized wood cutting. The study was conducted in operational timber harvesting areas in the northern mesoregion of Minas Gerais, in Eucalyptus sp. plantations. subjected to clear-cutting at seven years of age. The methodology was organized in two stages: in the first stage, 29 operators participated in a questionnaire with 25 questions about the perception of workers in relation to Occupational Health and Safety (OSH). In the second stage, an occupational risk analysis was conducted by specialists to identify and characterize all the risks and dangers of the semi-mechanized logging operation. The results show that chainsaw operators tend to underestimate ergonomic issues, the importance of using personal protective equipment (PPE) and certain operational risks that should be reinforced in training.
occupational risk assessment and management
PRODUCTIVE RESPONSE OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES TO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION
Phosphorus deficiency in tropical soils restricts forage production, requiring appropriate fertilisation to improve the yield of grasses and legumes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the productive response of two forage grasses (Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria dictyoneura) and three legumes (Desmodium ovalifolium, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. "Pucallpa", and Pueraria phaseoloides - "Kudzu") to different levels of phosphorus fertilisation and its combination with calcium, sulphur, and potassium. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used at the "La Esperanza" Experimental Station, Puerto Bermúdez, Peru. Ten fertilisation treatments were established, ranging from no fertilisation to combined applications of 60 kg ha-1 of P₂O₅, 750 kg ha-1 of Ca, 20 kg ha-1 of S, and 40 kg ha-1 of K₂O. The results showed significant differences in dry matter production between species and treatments (p < 0.05). Among grasses, Brachiaria decumbens achieved its highest yield with treatment 10 (2953 kg ha-1), while among legumes, Stylosanthes guianensis excelled with 2682 kg ha-1 under treatment 8. These findings highlight the importance of balanced fertilisation in forage productivity, providing key information for optimising agronomic management in low-fertility tropical soils. Keywords: forage grasses; forage legumes; forage productivity; tropical soils.
forage grasses, legumes, dry matter, forage productivity, tropical soils
EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM NINE MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST STANDARD BACTERIAL STRAINS IN VITRO
This research aims to identify the antibacterial properties of medicinal plants, which are crucial in traditional medicine due to their natural origin and high safety. Nine medicinal plants from East Azerbaijan Province were gathered for experimental-laboratory investigation, with essential oils extracted and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis used to identify active components. Additionally, methanolic extracts were prepared at different concentrations using the Soxhlet method, and their effects on bacteria were evaluated through the agar well diffusion method, as well as MIC and MBC tests. At 400 mg mL-1, all plant extracts in this investigation exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity. When it came to Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, the antibacterial activity of all plant extracts was noticeably greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Mentha piperita L., Rosa damascena, and Peganum harmala showed the strongest effects against Gram-positive bacteria, according to an evaluation of MIC and MBC values. The findings show that all plant methanolic extracts exhibit strong antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria and may be viable therapeutic options. Furthermore, the essential oils of the plants under study included 209 different chemicals. Keywords: medicinal plants; antibacterial activity; pathogenic bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria.
SOIL, LEAF ATTRIBUTES, AND BEVERAGE QUALITY OF COFFEE TREE IN CONVENTIONAL AND ORGANIC SYSTEM
The objective was to evaluate the chemical attributes of the soil and leaves and the quality of the coffee bean and beverage (Coffea arabica L.) grown in conventional and organic systems. Soil and leaf tissue samples were evaluated for macro and micronutrient levels. The drink was analyzed for 11 sensory attributes (Specialty Coffee Association). The organic system presented the highest average levels of S (70.45 mg dm-3) and P (61.30 mg dm-3) in the soil, while the conventional system presented higher levels of Zn (14.50 mg dm-3) and K (1.60 mmolc dm-3). N, P, Mg, and B levels were higher in leaves from conventionally grown coffee trees, while leaves from organically grown coffee trees had higher levels of K and Zn. Organic cultivation resulted in higher total soluble solids (22.4o) and larger coffee bean diameters. The sensory attributes of the coffee drink were similar in both systems, with a score of 83, which classifies them as specialty coffees. The results indicated that it was possible to obtain quality coffees in both the organic and conventional systems.
BLENDS OF ESSENTIAL OILS WITH ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY FOR FOOD PRESERVATION
This research evaluated blends of six essential oils (EOs) to maximize their antimicrobial effect without compromising sensory acceptability, aiming to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 33152), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Klebsiella aerogenes (ATCC 35029), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114), Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404), and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275). Thirty-one mixtures of six essential oils: eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) were proposed and evaluated by measuring the inhibition halo of microbial growth. Through optimization, four new mixtures were evaluated at 100% concentration and four at 5% concentration. Semi-trained panelists assessed these new blends for the most palatable combination by qualitatively selecting their organoleptic properties. Several blends showed desirability values above 0.90, reaching a maximum of 0.9499 for oregano. However, the blend containing rosemary (0.93%), eucalyptus (1.82%), oregano (94.95%), and lemongrass (2.3%) was selected for having the highest average sensory acceptance in terms of desirability ranking and taste preference. All tested samples inhibited fungal growth. The chosen blend showed total inhibition of K. aerogenes and inhibition halos greater than 30 mm for S. typhimurium, E. coli, S. aureus, and L. monocytogenes. Keywords: essential oils; antimicrobial; sensory acceptability; microbial inhibition; optimization; desirability. Desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis de amido de milho reforçados com nanocelulose para embalagens de alimentos RESUMO: Esta pesquisa avaliou misturas de seis óleos essenciais (OEs) para maximizar seu efeito antimicrobiano sem comprometer a aceitabilidade sensorial, visando inibir Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 33152), Salmonella enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Klebsiella aerogenes (ATCC 35029), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19114), Aspergillus brasiliensis (ATCC 16404) e Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275). Trinta e uma misturas de seis óleos essenciais: eucalipto (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), gerânio (Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér.), alecrim (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.), orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) e capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) foram propostas e avaliadas medindo o halo de inibição do crescimento microbiano. Por meio da otimização, quatro novas misturas foram avaliadas na concentração de 100% e quatro na concentração de 5%. Os painelistas semitreinados avaliaram essas novas misturas para a combinação mais palatável, selecionando qualitativamente suas propriedades organolépticas. Várias misturas apresentaram valores de desejabilidade acima de 0,90, atingindo um máximo de 0,9499 para orégano. Entretanto, a mistura contendo alecrim (0,93%), eucalipto (1,82%), orégano (94,95%) e capim-limão (2,3%) foi selecionada por ter a maior aceitação sensorial média em termos de classificação de desejabilidade e preferência de sabor. Todas as amostras testadas inibiram o crescimento fúngico. A mistura escolhida apresentou inibição total de K. aerogenes e halos de inibição maiores que 30 mm para S. typhimurium, E. coli, S. aureus e L. monocytogenes. Palavras-chave: óleos essenciais; antimicrobiano; aceitabilidade sensorial; inibição microbiana; otimização; desejabilidade.
Bioprospecção e Biotecnologia / Bioprospecting and Biotechnology
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS DURING INTERMODAL TRANSPORT OF TIMBER EXPORTED FROM THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A CASE STUDY
Approximately 92% of timber from the Brazilian Amazon is consumed domestically, mostly for use in construction. The main destination for this wood is the Southeast and South regions of the country, relying heavily on road transport, which is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. This study simulated carbon dioxide emissions associated with intramodal transport of this timber from forest management units to sawmills, ports, and international consumer markets, comparing values for transporting raw wood versus processed lumber to be used in long-lasting applications that serve as carbon reservoirs. Carbon stocks in the harvested wood were also calculated to estimate the balance of emissions sequestered during growth and pollution resulting from wood transport. A total of 7,388.57 t of CO₂ were generated during shipping, which included road (4,672.64 t), river (111.25 t), and maritime (2,604.68 t) routes covering over 48,000 km. In contrast, a total of 37,268.9 t CO₂ was sequestered and stored in the wood. We determined that transport emissions represented 19.81% of the stored carbon, indicating a significant mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Keywords: Amazon rainforest; carbon balance; greenhouse gases; timber transportation.
Recursos Florestais e Engenharia Florestal
ÍNDICES DE VEGETAÇÃO E SUA CORRELAÇÃO COM A PRODUTIVIDADE DA CULTURA DA SOJA EM ÁREA IRRIGADA E DE SEQUEIRO
This study aimed to map the spectral response of soybeans during its development cycle, based on the calculation of the vegetation indices NDVI, NDMI, and NDRE in irrigated crops and rainfed crops in an agricultural year with water deficit; map the spatial variability of soybean yield in irrigated and rainfed crops; and evaluate the spatial correlation between vegetation indices and soybean yield. The study was conducted in a commercial cultivation area in Cachoeira do Sul, which had a water deficit for a year. Vegetation indices were obtained from the Crop Monitoring platform, which is available online and free of charge. Soybean productivity was mapped using a grain harvester with a mapping system. Statistical and geostatistical analyses were carried out using the computer programs Statistic (version 7) and QGIS 3.28 (Firenze). All vegetation indices showed a significant spatial correlation with soybean productivity. In rainfed cultivation, the NDVI, NDMI, and NDRE indices showed a positive and significant correlation with soybean productivity at 43 and 48 days after sowing. The NDVI, NDMI, and NDRE indices in irrigated cultivation showed a positive and significant correlation with soybean productivity 128 days after sowing.
Engenharia Agrícola / Agricultural Engineering
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF Justicia spicigera USING NATURAL ROOTING AGENTS AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE METABOLITE CLITORINE
Plant phytochemical substances such as extracts usually contain in their mixture auxin-type substances, cytokinins, gibberellins, and other metabolites with application in the vegetative propagation of seedlings; in this sense, the objective was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of Justicia spicigera (JE) expressed in their morphology, through the use cuttings immersed in rooting mixtures extracts of Aloe vera (AV) and Clitoria ternatea (CT), as well as computationally describe the metabolite clitorine. A completely randomized design was employed to evaluate AV and CT extracts as rooting agents in the vegetative propagation of cuttings with and without JE leaves, comparing them with a commercial rooting agent (Biotrack) and water, across 12 treatments. The results show a beacon of hope, with the 5% and 10% CT extract leading to more significant vegetative development of JE plants. The extracts indicate the presence of secondary metabolites; one of the main ones is clitorine, which, due to its flavonoid-like structure, has potential bioactive applications. For this reason, a computational screening of this gold-standard metabolite was conducted to describe its chemical structure and electronic properties, as well as to predict its potential intermolecular interactions. Keywords: biostimulants; medicinal plants; plant hormones; Aloe vera; Clitoria ternatea. Propagação vegetativa de Justicia spicigera usando agentes de enraizamento naturais e descrição química computacional do metabolito clitorina RESUMO: Sustâncias fitoquímicas vegetais como os extratos suelen contêm em sua mistura substâncias de tipo auxiliar, citoquininas, giberelinas e outros metabólitos aplicados na propagação vegetativa de plântulas. Neste sentido, o objetivo foi a propagação vegetativa de estacas Justicia spicigera (JE) expressa em sua morfologia, através da utilização de misturas de extratos enraizantes à base de Aloe vera (AV) e Clitoria ternatea (CT), bem como descrever computacionalmente o metabólito clitorina. Foi realizado um projeto completamente ao ar livre para avaliar os extratos de AV e CT como enraizadores na propagação vegetativa de estacas com e sem folhas de JE, comparando-os com um enraizador comercial (Biotrack) e água, para um total de 12 tratamentos. Os resultados mostram que o extrato de CT a 5% e 10% gera um maior desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas JE. O uso dos extratos condiciona a presença de metabólitos secundários, um dos principais é a clitorina, que por sua estrutura tipo flavonoide tem potenciais aplicações bioativas. Por essa razão, foi realizado um cálculo computacional deste metabólito padrão ouro para a descrição químico-computacional de estrutura e projeções eletrônicas para suas potenciais interações intermoleculares. Palavras-chave: bioestimulantes; extratos vegetais; hormônios vegetais; plantas medicinais; Aloe vera; Clitoria ternatea.
THE USE OF INDICES AND INDICATORS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF PALMS IN THE AMAZON, CONSIDERING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
To identify which species within a group of palm species are most at risk of survival, it is necessary to analyse numerous variables, which must be assessed together. For this, we can use indices and indicators. The objective of this study was to develop indicators and indices to assess the risk of reduction of natural areas (RAI) suitable for the following species: Euterpe oleracea Mart.; Euterpe precatoria Mart.; Astrocaryum aculeatum Mart.; and Astrocaryum acaule Mart. The RAI was composed of four variables (indices or indicators): climate impact indicator (CII), exposure index (EI), vulnerability index (VI), and demand indicator (DI). Applying these indices to these palms, it was found that the palm with the highest risk of area reduction (RAI) was A. aculeatum, while E. oleracea had the lowest risk value. The species A. acaule and E. precatoria had intermediate values. The high risk associated with A. aculeatum is mainly due to the greater reduction of favourable areas in future scenarios, as well as the dormancy of its seeds and the low demand for cultivation. The use of this index proved to be quite reliable, easy to understand and apply. Keywords: comparative indices; species conservation; future climatic scenarios.
índices comparativos, conservação de espécies, cenários climáticos
ecologia, silvicultura, climatologia, conservação de espécies florestais
FUZZY AND NEURO-FUZZY MODELS FOR PREDICTING PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES IN SHEEP BASED ON MICROCLIMATIC DATA
The use of computational models and thermography enables automated systems to monitor thermal comfort in livestock. This study developed fuzzy and neuro-fuzzy models to predict physiological variables in sheep based on microclimatic variables. Microclimatic data were obtained using a black globe thermometer, while physiological data included rectal temperature and ocular, flank, and rib surface temperatures. A total of 396 data points were collected from 18 sheep during two daily periods. The models were created in MATLAB, using air temperature and humidity as inputs and physiological data as outputs. Performance evaluation considered statistics such as mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency index (NSE). The neuro-fuzzy model outperformed the fuzzy model, although both delivered satisfactory results. These models eliminate invasive data collection, save time and human resources, and enable automation with greater precision in thermal stress analysis and animal welfare assessment. The approach proved efficient in estimating physiological variables, contributing to advancements in monitoring thermal comfort in sheep.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TERBUTHYLAZINE AND ATRAZINE IN THE CONTROL OF Bidens subalternans IN THREE STAGES OF APPLICATION
The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of terbuthylazine and atrazine doses in controlling greater beggarticks (Bidens subalternans) that are resistant to ALS inhibitors and exhibit resistance to atrazine, at three application times. The treatments were arranged in a 2x6 factorial design, in which two herbicides were used: atrazine and terbuthylazine, and six doses: 0; 375; 750; 1,500; 3,000 and 6,000 g ai ha-1. The application was carried out in three stages of B. subalternans plant development: early post-emergence (2-4 leaves), late post-emergence (6-8 leaves), and pre-emergence. The control of B. subalternans plants was evaluated. Data were analyzed separately for each stage. In early post-emergence, the dose of 375 g ai ha-1 was enough to reach almost 100% control, in which terbuthylazine and atrazine were similar. In late post-emergence, the application of atrazine was effective at a dose of 3,000 g ai ha-1, with 95% control. Terbuthylazine at a dose of 375 g ai ha-1 was effective with 99.8% control. In pre-emergence, atrazine and terbuthylazine were effective in controlling B. subalternans, at doses of 1,500 g ai ha-1 (96% control) and 375 g ai ha-1 (99% control), respectively, evidencing the superiority of terbuthylazine. Keywords: greater beggarticks; triazines; photosystem II inhibitors; pre-emergence; post-emergence.
THE METHOD OF APPLYING NITROGEN RATES IN TOP-DRESSING AFFECTS COMMON BEAN PERFORMANCE
Proper nitrogen management helps to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers, making it necessary to identify optimal rates and methods of application to obtain high yield. The aim was to evaluate the effect of application methods of nitrogen rates in top-dressing on the agronomic and qualitative characteristics of common bean. The experiment was conducted in the autumn-winter 2022 harvest, using the early cycle common bean cultivar IAC Polaco1849. A randomized block design was used, in a 2x3 + 1 factorial scheme with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of two N application methods (top-dressing and in line) and 4 top dressing rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1), with rate 0 being the additional treatment. Increasing rates of N of up to 100 kg ha-1 in top-dressing promoted higher yield values, mass of one hundred grains and sieve yield (RP) ≥12. The method of continuous application of N promoted an increase of 85 kg ha-1 in yield compared to top-dressing application. The application of N to common beans in line is an alternative management practice to increase legume yield by more than 3%.
MICROPROPAGAÇÃO DE Arthrocereus glaziovii (K.Schum.) N. P. Taylor & Zappi: UMA ESPÉCIE EM PERIGO DE EXTINÇÃO DA FITOFISIONOMIA CAMPO RUPESTRE
Arthrocereus glaziovii is a native Brazilian cactus, restricted to rocky outcrops. The species is at risk of extinction and has high potential for restoration of degraded areas of the Rupestrian Phytophysiognomy. The objective of this study was to establish a micropropagation protocol for A. glaziovii, testing seed exposure in times to active chlorine, in vitro multiplication under different carbon sources, growing medium, explant sectioning positions, and the presence or absence of light. The experiments were conducted in the inoculation and multiplication phases. The asepsis presented the best results at 5 minutes of exposure to chlorine. Regarding the carbon source, the presence of sucrose favored the aerial part growth of the plants. The median and upper sectioning positions favored the emergence of roots and shoots, while the lower position favored only shoot formation, and the presence of light resulted in the best responses. The acclimatization methodology adopted was excellent, with 96% plant survival.
Recursos florestais e Engenharia Florestal
SOLUBILIZAÇÃO DE FOSFATOS E POTÁSSIO POR BACTÉRIAS RIZOSFÉRICAS - UMA REVISÃO
Phosphorus and potassium are essential chemical elements in the life cycle of plants, considered limiting factors for the development of agriculture. Numerous commercial fertilizers are applied annually in the field, often prolonged and excessively, in order to meet the requirements and high demand of plant production, generating negative impacts on the environment. When applied to the soil, these elements are quickly fixed in clay minerals through chemical reactions, making their absorption by plant roots difficult. As an alternative to the irrational use of chemical inputs, much research is being directed towards the use of bacteria that inhabit the rhizosphere and have the ability to bioavail insoluble macronutrients. In view of this, the objective of this study is to carry out a small review of the literature on phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria, their mechanisms of action and the use as bioinoculants. The scientific articles were selected according to the proposal of this work and through databases from Web Science, Scielo, Google Scholar, Periódico Capes and Scopus. This review presents interesting results on the use and multifunctionality of rhizobacteria, as a low-cost strategy with different ecological applicability that promotes agricultural sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Nativa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CARACTERIZAÇÃO FÍSICO-QUÍMICA E AVALIAÇÃO SENSORIAL DOS FRUTOS DE BANANEIRA
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físico-químicas, bem como a aceitação sensorial de frutos de genótipos de bananeira em Botucatu/SP. As características avaliadas foram: textura, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares redutores totais, amido, teores de potássio e aceitação sensorial. Para a determinação das análises foram escolhidos 5 frutos da 2a penca do cacho. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualisado, com 11 tratamentos (genótipos) e cinco repetições. Para cada repetição foram utilizados 5 frutos. Conforme os tratamentos empregados, no grupo AAA, o cultivar Caipira apresentou os maiores teores de potássio (7,24 g.kg-1), contudo menor aceitação, evidenciada pela avaliação global (AVG), sendo os maiores teores de sólidos solúveis observados na bananeira (6,33 ºBrix). O cultivar Prata Zulu do grupo AAB destacou-se em relação aos demais cultivares do mesmo grupo, apresentando maiores teores de açúcares (0,49%), amido (34,40%) e baixa acidez (0,12% de ácido málico). Para o grupo AAAB, ‘Fhia 18’ apresentou maiores teores de açúcares (0,60%) e ‘Prata Graúda’ foi a mais aceita entre todos os grupos genômicos. Palavra-chave: Musa spp, genótipos, qualidade, aceitação sensorial. PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SENSORIAL EVALUATION OF BANANA FRUITS ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the physical-chemical characteristics as well as sensorial acceptance of banana fruits genotypes in Botucatu/SP. The characteristics evaluated were: texture, PH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total sugar, starch, potassium contents and sensorial acceptance. For the analysis were selected five fruits from the second bunch. The experimental design was completely randomized. There were eleven treatments (genotypes), five repetitions and two usable plants per plot. According to results in the AAA group, the ‘Caipira’ cultivar presented the highest potassium levels (7.24 g.kg-1) and the lowest sensorial acceptance and the ‘Nam’ cultivar showed the highest soluble solids contents (6.33 ºBrix). In the AAB group the ‘Prata Zulu’ cultivar stood out for its high sugar (0.49%), starch contents (34.40%) and low acidity (0.12 % of malic acid). For the AAAB group the ‘Fhia 18’ cultivar had the highest sugar content (0.60%) and the ‘Prata Graúda’ cultivar had the highest sensorial acceptance levels of all genomic groups. Keywords: Musa spp., quality genotypes, sensorial acceptance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v01n01a03
MORFOBIOMETRIA E GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE Parkia multijuga Benth. (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae)
Apesar dos métodos para a análise de sementes de muitas espécies estarem descritos nas Regras para Análises de Sementes, para a maioria das sementes das espécies brasileiras não há, ainda, métodos para o teste de germinação. Assim, os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram determinar as dimensões das sementes e as características das plântulas de Parkia multijuga e estabelecer o substrato e a temperatura para a germinação. As dimensões das sementes avaliadas foram: comprimento, largura e espessura. Para avaliação da germinação, em diferentes temperaturas e substratos, foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em fatorial duplo (dois substratos, entre areia e entre papel, e quatro temperaturas, 20, 25 e 30ºC com luz contínua e 25-30°C com alternância de luz). As sementes de Parkia multijuga são elipsoidais, com tamanho médio de 46,4 × 11,8 × 8,8 mm. A germinação das sementes é do tipo hipógea e criptocotiledonar. As temperaturas adequadas para o teste de germinação são 25 ou 30ºC, em substrato areia, em luz contínua. Palavras-chave: Faveira-benguê, plântula normal; temperatura, substrato. MORPHOBIOMETRY AND GERMINATION OF Parkia multijuga Benth. SEEDS ABSTRACT Many species have the seed analysis method described in rules for seed testing, however some Brazilian native species do not have studies related about germination methods. The aims of this study were characterize the size of Parkia multijuga Benth. seeds and determine the substrate and temperature for the germination test. The sizes assessed were the length, the width and the thickness. To indicate the best temperature and substrate for the germination test the completely randomized design was used in factorial (two substrate, between sand and between paper, and four temperatures, 20, 25 and 30ºC with light and 25-30°C, with alternated light). Parkia multijuga seeds are ellipsoids shape and its mean size is 46.4 × 11.8 × 8.8 mm. The germination is hypogeal and cryptocotylar. The germination test should be made either 25ºC or 30ºC using sand as substrate, in continuous light condition. Keywords: Faveira-benguê; normal seedling; temperature, substrate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v02n01a08
Lactobacillus plantarum - INOCULATED NAPIER GRASS SILAGE ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND RUMEN BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN SHEEP
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to address the optimization of fermentation and digestibility of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Sch.) silage in sheep by evaluating the effects of varying levels (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) of Lactobacillus plantarum as a silage inoculant. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six replications was employed. Sheep were housed in individual metabolic cages, with feed intake, water consumption, and waste output monitored. Rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected for microbial and proximate analysis. Results showed that dry matter digestibility (DMD) did not significantly differ among treatments (p = 0.451), although the 3% L. plantarum group (T3) exhibited the highest DMD (43.83%). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was significantly affected (p = 0.004), with T3 recording the highest OMD (84.14%). Crude protein digestibility (CPD) showed highly significant differences (p < 0.000), with T3 and T1 achieving the highest CPD values (87.94% and 86.37%, respectively). Neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) also varied significantly (p = 0.003), with T3 again showing the highest NDFD (54.63%). In terms of rumen fermentation, L. plantarum levels significantly influenced rumen pH (p = 0.027). The initial rumen pH values were similar across groups; however, the final pH values decreased with increasing inoculant levels. The greatest reduction in pH was observed in the T4 (4%) group (9.26% decrease), followed closely by T3 (8.40%). These pH shifts corresponded to changes in rumen bacterial populations. Although initial bacterial counts were statistically similar (p = 0.462), significant reductions in final counts were observed (p = 0.001), with T3 showing the lowest population (2.36 × 10⁷ cfu/mL), indicating a potential for improved microbial modulation at this level. The study concludes that moderate supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum, particularly at 3%, optimally enhances silage digestibility, maintains beneficial rumen pH levels, and improves microbial balance. Excessive inclusion (4%) may lead to lower fermentation efficiency due to acidic rumen conditions. Keywords: Pennisetum purpureum Sch.; fermentation; neutral detergent fiber; probiotics; ruminant nutrition; Ovis aries L.
AVALIAÇÃO FITOSSOCIOLÓGICA DE UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL EM ÁREA URBANA NA TRANSIÇÃO CERRADO – FLORESTA AMAZÔNICA
We aim to evaluate the floristic composition of an urban open ombrophilous forest fragment located in transition between Cerrado and Amazon Forest. The study was carried out in an urban open ombrophilous forest fragment located in the state of Maranhão, northeast Brazil. Fourteen 10 x 50 m plots were established: seven edge plots and seven core plots. We surveyed 394 trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm, belonging to 55 species and 26 families. The most representative families were Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Malvaceae, Annonaceae, and Bignoniaceae. Attalea speciosa occurred in all plots. The cluster analysis suggesting a reasonable similarity between the edge and core plots. Our results show that the fragment contains a transitional plant community of the Cerrado and Amazon Forest. Our findings suggest the plant community is in early to intermediate successional stage.
Fábio Afonso Mazzei Moura de Assis Figueiredo
Copyright (c) 2022 Nativa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
CONTROL OF THE WEEVIL WITH Beauveria sp. IN STORED CORN
ABSTRACT: The corn weevil (Pagiocerus sp.) is a pest of economic importance stored in corn grains (Zea mays L.). Their control is realized with systemic insecticides, which can cause resistant insects. To search for a biological control method, the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria was evaluated by spraying stored corn grains attacked by Pagiocerus. The results indicated the pre-insect placement application of the native strain of Beauveria sp. with a dosage of 3 mL-1, it reached 100% insect mortality, while the commercial strain reached 83% mortality. The percentage of damaged grains for the native isolate was 26% and 56% for the commercial isolate with pre-insect placement application of 3 mL-1, unlike the control treatment that reached 80% of damaged grains. The weight loss of grains with the pre-insect placement application of the native isolate with a dosage of 3 mL-1 registered the lowest percentage at 29.9%. In contrast, the commercial isolate registered a weight loss of 56.2%, unlike the control treatment, which registered 85.2%. The study demonstrated that Beauveria applied in suspension with concentrations of 1 x 108 conidia mL-1 can control Pagiocerus for stored corn grains. Keywords: Pagiocerus sp.; Zea mays L.; mortality; biological control; entomopathogen. Controle do gorgulho do milho com Beauveria sp. Em milho armazenado RESUMO: O gorgulho do milho (Pagiocerus sp.) é uma praga de importância económica armazenada em grãos de milho (Zea mays L.). Seu controle é realizado com inseticidas sistêmicos, que podem causar insetos resistentes. Na busca de um método de controle biológico, o fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria foi avaliado através da pulverização de grãos de milho armazenados atacados por Pagiocerus. Os resultados indicaram a aplicação preventiva da cepa nativa de Beauveria sp. Na dosagem de 3 mL, atingiu 100% de mortalidade dos insetos, enquanto a cepa comercial atingiu 83% de mortalidade. A porcentagem de grãos danificados para o isolado nativo foi de 26% e 56% para o isolado comercial com aplicação preventiva de 3 mL-1, ao contrário do tratamento controle que atingiu 80% de grãos danificados. A perda de peso dos grãos com a aplicação preventiva do isolado nativo com dosagem de 3 mL registrou a menor porcentagem com 29.9%, enquanto o isolado comercial registrou uma perda de peso de 56.2%, ao contrário do tratamento controle que registrou 85.2%. O estudo demonstrou que Beauveria, aplicada em suspensão com concentrações de 1 x 108 conídios mL-1 pode ser usada preventiva e curativamente como um biocontrolador eficaz de Pagiocerus para grãos de milho armazenados. Palavras chave: Pagiocerus sp.; Zea mays L.; mortalidade; controle biológico; entomopatogênico.
SOBRESSEMEADURA DE GRAMÍNEAS EM SOJA EM SISTEMAS INTEGRADOS DE PRODUÇÃO AGROPECUÁRIA
A sobressemeadura de forrageiras é uma técnica que permite a semeadura sobre culturas anuais estabelecidas; com isso, ganha-se tempo de estabelecimento ao final do ciclo da soja, garantindo rápida disponibilidade de pasto após a colheita da oleaginosa. Objetivou-se, por meio deste estudo, identificar forrageiras promissoras para a implantação em sobressemeadura na soja, visando o uso em segunda safra, no Cerrado tocantinense. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e seis tratamentos, sendo as gramíneas: cv. Piatã (Urochloa brizantha); cv. Ipyporã (U. brizantha x U. ruziziensis); cv. Mombaça (M. maximus); cv. Tamani (M. maximus); cv. Zuri (M. maximus); cv. Quênia (M. maximus). Os resultados foram analisados pelo software Sisvar utilizando o teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As cultivares do gênero Megathyrsus apresentaram maior estabilidade na produção de forragem nos anos avaliados, com destaque para as cultivares (cvs). Mombaça e Quênia (tetos de 6087 e 4771 kg ha⁻¹, respectivamente), além de maiores exportações para P, K, Ca e Mg (p<0,05). No entanto, as cultivares Ipyporã e Piatã (gênero Urochloa) destacaram-se pelos maiores valores de NDT (57,54% e 57,70%) e menores teores de fibras (p<0,05), evidenciando seu potencial qualitativo de consumo e digestibilidade. Palavras-chave: entressafra; Cerrado; forrageiras; consórcios; integração lavoura-pecuária. Overseeding of grasses in soybeans in integrated agricultural production systems ABSTRACT: Overseeding forages is a technique that allows sowing over established annual crops, thereby gaining establishment time at the end of the soybean cycle and ensuring rapid pasture availability after the oilseed harvest. The objective of this study was to identify promising forages for the implementation of overseeding in soybeans, aiming to use them in the second harvest in the Cerrado of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks, with four replicates and six treatments, consisting of the grasses: cv. Piatã (Urochloa brizantha); cv. Ipyporã (U. brizantha x U. ruziziensis); cv. Mombaça (M. maximus); cv. Tamani (M. maximus); cv. Zuri (M. maximus); cv. Quênia (M. maximus). The results were analyzed using the Sisvar software and the Tukey test (p < 0.05). The Megathyrsus cultivars showed greater stability in forage production in the years evaluated, particularly the Mombaça and Quênia cultivars (up to 6,087 and 4,771 kg ha⁻¹, respectively), in addition to higher exports of P, K, Ca, and Mg (p<0.05). However, the cultivars Ipyporã and Piatã (genus Urochloa) stood out for their higher TDN values (57.54% and 57.70%) and lower fiber content (p < 0.05), demonstrating their qualitative potential for consumption and digestibility. Keywords: off-season; Cerrado; forage; consortia; crop-livestock integration.
EFFECT OF WATER STRESS ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND LEAF CONCENTRATION OF FLAVONOIDS IN MINT (MENTHA X PIPERITA) UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION CONDITIONS
ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants, such as mint, contain active ingredients, which, although they are responsible for the therapeutic properties attributed to them, are also responsible for poisoning and adverse reactions that can occur if they are used in inadequate doses, high doses, or for prolonged periods. Many of these plant species have survived for millions of years thanks to their ability to produce substances that protect them from predators or extreme conditions. Even though some of these compounds (condensed tannins, phenols, alkaloids, oligosaccharides, and saponins) can produce a violent and immediate reaction, in most cases, they have a subtle effect that manifests itself with prolonged ingestion. By applying computational chemistry, the structures of bioactive molecules were revealed, representing them three-dimensionally after virtual screening. Therefore, in the project's development, the effect of water stress on the production of flavonoids in the protected mint crop was studied, using the previously measured field capacity and ultimately controlling the irrigation. This was divided into four irrigation application treatments (each 3, 6, 9, and 12 days), evaluating different agronomic variables and through a foliar analysis of the content of flavonoids present in the four treatments under study. The findings of this study, with their significant implications for medicinal plant cultivation, underscore how water stress can affect the production of flavonoids in mint. This knowledge can be directly applied to optimize cultivation practices and enhance the quality of medicinal plants, thereby benefiting the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: aromatic plants; computational chemistry; computational chemical structural study; secondary metabolites. Efeito do estresse hídrico no crecimento vegetativo e na concentração foliar de flavonoides em hortelã (mentha x piperita) sob condições de cultivo protegido RESUMO: As plantas medicinais, como a hortelã, contêm princípios ativos que, embora sejam responsáveis ​​pelas propriedades terapêuticas que lhes são atribuídas, são também responsáveis ​​por intoxicações e reações adversas que podem ocorrer se forem utilizadas em doses inadequadas, em doses elevadas ou por períodos prolongados. períodos. Muitas destas espécies de plantas sobreviveram durante milhões de anos graças à sua capacidade de produzir substâncias que as protegem de predadores ou de condições extremas. Embora alguns destes compostos (taninos condensados, fenóis, alcalóides, oligossacarídeos e saponinas) possam produzir uma reação violenta e imediata, na maioria dos casos, eles têm um efeito sutil que se manifesta com a ingestão prolongada. Através da aplicação da química computacional, foram reveladas as estruturas das moléculas bioativas, representando-as tridimensionalmente após triagem virtual. Portanto, no desenvolvimento do projeto foi estudado o efeito do estresse hídrico na produção de flavonóides na cultura protegida de hortelã, utilizando a capacidade de campo previamente medida, e em última instância controlando a irrigação. Este foi dividido em quatro tratamentos de aplicação de irrigação (cada um com 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias), avaliando diferentes variáveis ​​agronômicas e através de uma análise foliar o teor de flavonóides presentes nos quatro tratamentos em estudo. Palavras-chave: plantas aromáticas; química computacional; estudo estrutural químico computacional; metalólitos secundários.
Aromatic plants, computational chemistry, secondary metabolites
A SOLUÇÃO DO SOLO DE UM LATOSSOLO VERMELHO DISTRÓFICO SUBMETIDO A TRÊS TIPOS DE MANEJO DE SOLO E DE CULTURAS
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interação destes fatores nos atributos químicos da solução de solo de duas camadas de solo situadas entre 0 a 20 cm. O experimento foi conduzido em Passo Fundo, RS, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, após mais de duas décadas de cultivo, sem aplicação de calcário. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema de subparcelas. Os tratamentos foram: plantio direto (PD), cultivo mínimo com escarificador (PM) e preparo convencional com arado e grade (PC). Estes foram combinados com as rotações de culturas: trigo/soja (R1); trigo/soja-ervilhaca/sorgo (R2) e trigo/soja-ervilhaca/sorgo-aveia branca/soja (R3), para avaliar o efeito da interação dessas rotações com o tipo de manejo de solo nos atributos químicos da solução do solo, nas camadas de 0 a 6,7 cm e de 6,8 a 20 cm. Não houve correlações entre os atributos de solo avaliados, em ambas as camadas, mesmo havendo diferenças de níveis de restrição físicas e químicas entre as camadas. Os atributos químicos da solução do solo não foram influenciados pela interação dos fatores estudados, sendo pouco influenciados pela rotação de culturas. O plantio direto propiciou maiores valores de carbono orgânico dissolvido e menor teor e atividade de Al na solução do solo, que pode amenizar a toxidez de Al. Palavra-chave: nutrientes; plantio direto, preparo convencional, química do solo. THE SOIL SOLUTION OF A TYPIC HAPLUSTOX UNDER THREE SOIL MANAGEMENTS AND CROP ROTATIONS ABSTRACT The goal of this work was to evaluate the interaction of these two factors in grain production of crops (harvest 2007), and chemical attributes of the soil solution of two soil layers situated among 0 to 20 cm. The experiment was conducted in Passo Fundo, RS, in a Typic Haplustox, after more than two decades of cropping without limestone application. The experimental design was randomized block, in subplots scheme. The treatments were: no-tillage (PD), minimum cultivation with chisel plow (PM) and conventional plowing with disk plow (PC). These were combined with crop rotations: wheat-soybean (R1); wheat-soybean/common vetch-sorghum (R2) and wheat-soybean/common vetch-sorghum/white oats-soybean (R3), to assess the interaction effect of these rotations with the type of soil management in the chemical attributes of soil solution in layers of 0 to 6.7 cm and 6.8 to 20 cm. There were no correlations between the soil attributes evaluated on both layers, even when differences in levels of chemical and physical constraint between the layers. Chemical attributes of soil solution were not influenced by the interaction of the studied factors, being slightly influenced by crop rotation. The no-till provided the greatest values of dissolved organic carbon and Al lowest level and activity in soil solution, promoting the Al toxicity. Keywords: soil nutrients; no-till, soil plowing, soil chemistry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v02n02a01
METODOLOGIA NÃO DESTRUTIVA PARA QUANTIFICAÇÃO DO VOLUME E BIOMASSA DO FUSTE EM REMANESCENTE FLORESTAL
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Nesse trabalho objetivou-se propor uma metodologia não destrutiva para quantificação de volume individual, biomassa e carbono do tronco em um remanescente florestal. O estudo foi feito em cinco parcelas de 600 m². As variáveis dendrométricas mensuradas foram diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), altura total (h), diâmetro ao longo do fuste conforme o método de Smalian. Para cada árvore mensurou-se os diâmetros de forma indireta com o dendrômetro Criterion RD 1000 e comparou-se com a mensuração de forma direta com a suta. Determinou-se o volume, biomassa e carbono por parcela. O erro relativo médio encontrado nas medidas do diâmetro foi de 10%, para o volume individual, o erro médio subestimado foi de 20% e para biomassa e carbono o erro foi subestimado em aproximadamente 15%. Portanto, a metodologia de quantificação indireta do volume, e da biomassa e do carbono pode ser considerada aceitável, frente às dificuldades de obtenção dessas informações em remanescentes naturais. Palavra-chave: carbono, criterion, cubagem não destrutiva. NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODOLOGY FOR QUANTIFYING VOLUME AND STEM BIOMASS IN FOREST REMNANTS ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to propose a non-destructive method for quantification the individual volume, stem biomass and carbon in trees in the forest remnant. The survey was done in five plots of 600 m². The variables measured were diameter at breast height (DBH), total height, stem diameter of standing trees by Smalian method. Every tree was measured the diameters indirectly with the Criterion RD 1000 dendrometer and compared with the measurement directly with the caliper. It was determined volume, biomass and carbon for plot. The average relative error found in the measurements of the diameter was 10%, the individual volume obtained an average error underestimated in 20%, the biomass and carbon were error underestimated in approximately 15%. Therefore, the non descrutive methodology to quantification the volume, biomass and carbon can be considered acceptable given the difficulty which is to obtain information on natural remnants. Keywords: carbon, criterion, non-destructive measures. 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CLASSIFICAÇÃO CLIMÁTICA E BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO NO ESTADO DE MATO GROSSO
Este trabalho propõe o balanço hídrico climatológico e a classificação climática para 13 estações meteorológicas convencionais (EMC’s), da rede de estações do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), localizadas no Estado de Mato Grosso (MT) e na divisa entre MT e Goiás (GO). Foram avaliadas as estações denominadas de: Cáceres, Canarana, Diamantino, Gleba Celeste, Matupá, Nova Xavantina, Padre Ricardo Remeter, Poxoréo, Rondonópolis, São José do Rio Claro e São Vicente, e ainda, a estação Aragarças (GO). As temperaturas médias anuais variaram entre 23,00 e 26,84 °C para Cuiabá e São Vicente, respectivamente. As precipitações totais anuais variam de aproximadamente 1200 a 2000 mm para as estações avaliadas, com maiores níveis nas regiões Norte e Médio Norte do Estado e nas regiões com altitudes próximas a 800m. Pela classificação climática de Köppen, as 13 estações avaliadas apresentam apenas dois tipos climáticos: Aw (demais estações) e Cwa (São Vicente). Pela classificação de Thornthwaite ocorrem maiores variabilidades de tipos climáticos, contudo, predomina as características de clima megatérmico, com concentrações da ETP no verão inferiores a 40%. Observa-se a influência da latitude e da altitude nos padrões climáticos do Estado de Mato Grosso. Palavra-chave:climatologia, temperatura do ar, evapotranspiração, regime hídrico, séries temporais. CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION AND CLIMATIC WATER BALANCE IN MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL ABSTRACT This paper proposes the climatic water balance and climatic classification for 13 conventional meteorological stations (CMS's, from National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) networks, located in Mato Grosso State (MT) and in the state division between MT and Goiás State (GO). The evaluated stations are named: Cáceres, Canarana, Diamantino, Gleba Celeste, Matupá, Nova Xavantina, Padre Ricardo Remetter, Poxoréo, Rondonópolis, São José do Rio Claro, São Vicente, and the Aragarças station (GO). The annual temperature average ranged between 23.00 and 26.84 °C for Cuiabá and São Vicente, respectively. The total annual precipitation ranging from approximately 1200 to 2000 mm in the evaluated seasons, with higher levels in the North and Central North and in the regions with altitudes close to 800m. By Köppen climate classification, the 13 stations have only two climatic types: Aw (other stations) and Cwa (São Vicente). By Thornthwaite classification occurred greater climatic variability, however, the predominant features of megathermic climatic with concentrations of ETP in the summer less than 40%. Observe the influence of latitude and altitude on weather patterns of Mato Grosso State. Keywords: climatology, air temperature, evapotranspiration, water regime, time series. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14583/2318-7670.v01n01a07