Nativa, Sinop, v. 11, n. 2, p. 143-147, 2023.
Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v11i2.15321
ISSN: 2318-7670
Phenolic composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils
from the fruit pulp of the argan tree
Larbi EL HAMMARI1, Miloudi HILALI 2* , Ahmed LEBKIRI3
1 Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Science, University Mohammed-V,
Av. Ibn Battouta, BP 1014 Agdal-Rabat, Morocco.
2 Laboratory of Plant Chemistry and Organic and Bioorganic Synthesis, University Mohammed-V, Agdal-Rabat, Morocco.
3 Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Extraction Processes, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences,
University Ibn Tofail, PO Box 133 – 14000 - 16 Kenitra, Morocco.
*E-mail: researchint@yahoo.com; hilali400@yahoo.com
Submission: 04/13/2023; Accepted on 05/08/2023; Published on 06/12/2023.
ABSTRACT: The study of the chemical composition of essential oils, the pulp of argan leachate, the phenolic
compounds and the identification of the biological activity of secondary metabolites making it possible to
increase the industrial and commercial value of the argan tree in the field of cosmetics, therapeutics and
nutraceuticals and to allow the protection of the argan tree and the extension of the arganieraie. After the
extraction and purification of the polyphenolic compounds and the essential oils of the argan fruit pulp, we
used high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and UV spectroscopy
(LC/UV/MS). This technique allowed us to identify 16 phenolic compounds by comparing their LC/MS mass
spectrum and their retention time with literature data. The main phenolic compounds found in the fruit of the
argan tree are phenolic acids, flavonoids-O-rhamnoglucosides, flavonoids-O-glycosides, flavan-3-ols and
flavones. Our results also show that the pulp contains a latex which is a polyisoprene whose structure has been
elucidated. Furthermore, the GC/MS analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oils of the fruit pulp
of the argan tree has identified several terpenes, the majority of which are camphor, 1,8-cineode and borneol.
The presence of camphor in appreciable quantity in the fruit pulp of the argan tree is very interesting because
it has an insecticidal activity, these activities could be valorized on the industrial level. The essential oil of the
fruit pulp of the argan tree contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect and terpenes with insecticidal
effect can lead to its use in phytotherapy.
Key words: essential oils; bio-active components; polyphenols; pulp.
Composição fenólica e atividade antimicrobiológica de óleos essenciais
da polpa do fruto da árvore de Argão
RESUMO: O estudo apresenta a composição química dos óleos essenciais, da polpa do lixiviado de argão, dos
compostos fenólicos e a identificação da atividade biológica de metabólitos secundários, possibilitando assim
aumentar o valor industrial e comercial da árvore de argão nas áreas da cosmética, terapêutica e nutracêuticos,
e além disso, permitir a proteção das árvores de argão e a extensão da arganieraie. Após a extração e purificação
dos compostos polifenólicos e dos óleos essenciais da polpa do fruto de argão, utilizou-se a cromatografia
líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas e espectroscopia UV (LC/UV/MS). Esta técnica
permitiu identificar 16 compostos fenólicos comparando seu espectro de massa LC/MS e seu tempo de
retenção com dados da literatura. Os principais compostos fenólicos encontrados no fruto da árvore de argão
são ácidos fenólicos, flavonóides-O-ramnoglicosídeos, flavonóides-O-glicosídeos, flavan-3-ols e flavonas.
Nossos resultados também mostram que a polpa contém um látex, que é um poliisopreno, cuja estrutura foi
elucidada. Além disso, a análise GC/MS da composição química dos óleos essenciais da polpa do fruto da
árvore de argão identificou vários terpenos, sendo a maioria cânfora, 1,8-cineode e borneol. A presença de
cânfora em quantidade apreciável na polpa do fruto da árvore de argão é muito interessante porque tem
atividade inseticida, que poderiam ser valorizadas a nível industrial. O óleo essencial da polpa do fruto da árvore
de argão contém compostos fenólicos com efeito antioxidante e terpenos com efeito inseticida podendo levar
ao seu uso na fitoterapia.
Palavras-chave: óleos essenciais; componentes bioativos; polifenóis; polpa.
1. INTRODUCTION
Argan oil is the main product of the argan tree, it is
prepared from amandons of its fruit. The argan tree (Argania
spinosa (L.) Skeels) is a tree that grows naturally in Morocco
and other coubtries of region (CHARROUF, 2002).
One of the criteria for the production of high quality
argan oil is the use of fruits; indeed, traditional pulping by the
goats leads to a poor quality oil (HILALI et al., 2005;
HARHAR et al., 2011). Commonly, all parts of the argan tree
are used by the local people: the wood and the woody hull of
Phenolic composition and anti-microbiological activity of essential oils from the fruit pulp of the Argan tree
Nativa, Sinop, v. 11, n. 2, p. 143-147, 2023.
144
the fruit for heating, the amandon of the fruit for the
production of argan oil, the foliage, the pulp of the fruit and
the oil cake (residue of argan oil production) for livestock
(LYBBERT et al., 2002; HILALI et al., 2020; IBOURKI et
al., 2021).
The fruit pulp of the argan tree is naturally consumed in
the argan plantations by goats (GUILLAUME et al., 2019).
It represents 55 to 75% of the weight of the fruit
(CHAHBOUN, 1993). It is light yellow-brown when it is
fresh and turns dark brown during its desiccation after
harvest or fall of the fruit.
The pulp is essentially characterized by the presence of
numerous laticiferous channels, found both on the periphery
of the fruit and under the thickened epidermis
(CHAHBOUN, 1993). The importance of the argan tree in
the rural economy of this semi-arid region is therefore
considerable.
In novel studied on local products of argan three,
antibacterial effect of Moroccan argan oil has been
documented by NAFIS et al. (2022). Also, similar report has
been published for Algerian argan oil (BENABDESSLEM et
al., 2022). Whereas phytochemical components of different
part of argan tree has been identified (Idrissi et al., 2021), the
antimicrobial effects of argan pulp is almost unknown.
The study of the chemical composition of argan fruit pulp
derivatives has been undertaken with the aim of identifying
new metabolites allowing to increase the industrial value of
the fruit pulp of the argan then commercial of the argan tree.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study of the phenolic composition of the fruit pulp
of the argan tree
To make the separation and characterization of the main
phenolic compounds present in the fruit pulp of the argan
tree, we took 20 g of the fruit pulp of the argan tree and then
150 ml of methanol / water mixture (4/1), after stirring for
30 min, we evaporated the liquid phase (hydroacoolic extract)
to dryness under vacuum at 35 ° C, and then 3 times 100 ml
of hexane was added. The insoluble part with hexane is
extracted with 100 ml of ethyl acetate (twice) and then the
liquid phase (ethyl acetate extract) is evaporated to dryness
under vacuum at 35 ° C. and finally 5 ml of methanol are
added.
2.2. Extraction of essential oils from the fruit pulp of the
argan tree
Concerning the extraction of essential oils from the pulp
and the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted
from the pulp of the fruit of the argan tree we used the hydro-
distillation, the training with the steam to extract the essential
oils.
2.3. Chemical compound identification
We used high performance liquid chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS / MS) to
separate and identify phenolic compounds and essential oil
compounds from the fruit pulp of the argan tree.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Composition of the pulp of the fruit of the argan tree
The pulp, which accounts for at least 50% of fresh fruit,
consists of almost 5% fat and about 10% protein. The pulp
is also rich in polyphenols and saponosides and contains a
latex. Cellulose and carbohydrates account for 28 to 34% of
the wet matter. The lipid extract of the pulp consists of 33.3%
glycerides, 3.3% unsaponifiable matter and a latex (rubber
and percha) 63.4% (FELLAT-ZARROUK et al., 1987)
Table 1. Composition of the fruit pulp of the argan tree.
Tabela 1. Composição da polpa do fruto da árvore de argão.
Organic
material
Fiber
ADF
Crude
protein
Extract
ethereal
Extractable non
-
nitrogenous
34.5%
8.7%
6.6%
42.9%
3.2. Study of the phenolic composition of the fruit pulp
of the argan tree
The separation and characterization of the main phenolic
compounds present in the fruit pulp of the argan was
performed using high performance liquid chromatography-
mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS / MS) techniques. This
method already applied to other plants (cocoa, lepechinia
graveolens) (TAHROUCH et al., 2000) is important for the
study of polyphenols. It makes it possible to determine the
molecular weight and to give certain structural information
of the molecules (OULAD-ALI et al., 1996).
In our study, we relied on the retention time of the peaks
of the phenolic compounds in our sample and compared to
those of the control peaks of the reference compounds.
We identified 16 phenolic compounds in the fruit pulp of
the argan tree (Table 2) (Charrouf et al., 2007). The results
are grouped in Table 2.
3.3. Study of the composition of the essential oils of the
fruit pulp of the argan tree
Terpenic oxygenated derivatives (OTDs) are the main
constituents of the essential oil of argan fruit pulp. Camphor
is the main compound with (35.5%). 1,8-Cineole is present in
appreciable percentage (16.0%). Endobornol and 2- (4-
methylcyclohex-3-enyl) -propan-2-ol were found in similar
percentages with 11.8 and 11.1%, respectively. The presence
of camphor and 1,8-cineole in appreciable quantities in the
fruit pulp of argan is very interesting (Table 3). Indeed, in
combination these two compounds have an insect repellent
effect or an insecticidal activity (HARHAH et al., 2011).
These activities could be valued on an industrial scale.
3.4. Study of the chemical composition of the fruit pulp
of the argan tree
The fruit pulp of the argan tree is characterized by its low
fat content (2%). However, it is richer in carbohydrates
(20%), cellulose (13%), and protein (6%). It has a guttoide
latex (4%) corresponding to a polyisoprene 86% cis (rubber)
and 14% trans (gutta-percha) (REID et al., 2006).
The fatty acid composition of the fat of the fruit pulp of
the argan tree is close to that of the argan oil. The
predominance of myristic acid (C14: 0 = 4.3%), palmitic acid
(C16: 0 = 18.4%), linolenic acid (C18: 0 = 6.3%) is noted. ,
oleic acid C18: 1 = 42%), linoleic acid (C18: 2 = 18.8%),
arachidic acid (C20: 0 = 1%), gadoleic acid (C20: 1 = 1%) and
a relatively higher level of linolenic acid (C18: 3 = 4.6%;Table
4) (REID et al., 2006).
El Hammari et al.
Nativa, Sinop, v. 11, n. 2, p. 143-147, 2023.
145
Table 2. Phenolic compounds of the fruit pulp of the argan tree.
Tabela 2. Compostos fenólicos da polpa do fruto da árvore de argão.
N°
Component (%) T.R [M-H] Fragments
MS/MS
exper. Neutral
loss scan
MS/MS exper.
Precursor ion
scan
MS/MS exper.
Product ion
1
Acide galique (5.0)
0.82
169
125
2
Acide protocatechuique (21.8)
1.44
153
109
3
Catechine (2.8)
4.06
289
289
245
4
Isorhoifoline (7.2)
7.13
577
5
Epicatechine (14.7)
7.65
289
289
245
6
Procyanidine (2.7)
7.67
579
579
289,245
7
Rutine (0.1)
10.87
609
308
609
301
8
Hesperidine (4.5)
11.19ou
11.43
609
463,301
308
609
301
9
Hyperoside (13.4)
11.46
463
162
463
301
10
Isoquercitrine (10)
11.70
463
162
463
301
11
Quercetine
-
o
-
pentose
12.33
433
132
433
301
12
Naringenine
-
7
-
o
-
glucoside
12.69
433
162
433
271
13
Rhamnetine
-
o
-
rutinoside (0.5)
13.37
623
308
623
315
14
Quercetine (1.6)
17.83
301
301
151, 121, 107
15
Luteoline (0.2)
17.94
285
16
Naringenine (0.07)
18.51
271
271
119,109
Table 3. Chemical composition of the essential oil of the fruit pulp of the argan tree.
Tabela 3. Composição química do óleo essencial da polpa do fruto da árvore de argão.
N°
IK
Constituant %
%
1
830
furan
-
2
-
carbaldéhyde
2.19
2
956
Acide
2
-
méthylbutanoique
4.95
3
1033
1,8
-
cinéole
16.02
4
1098
Toluène
0.47
5
1108
Linalool
1.63
6
1131
2
-
phényléthanol
0.79
7
1143
3,5
-
Diméthyl
-
4
-
éthylidène
-
cyclohex
-
2
-
ène
-
1
-
one
1.45
8
1165
Camphre
35.53
9
1173
Endo
-
bornéol
11.81
10
1177
2,6,6
-
triméthylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan
-
3
-
one, (1a,2a,5a)
0.39
11
1177
4
-
Terpinéol
3.81
12
1185
2
-
(4
-
méthylcyclohex
-
3
-
enyl)propan
-
2
-
ol
11.15
13
1238
1
-
phényléthane
-
1,2
-
diol
2.06
14
1294
2,4 Décadiènal
1.23
15
1463
5
-
hexyl
-
dihydrofuran
-
2(3H)
-
one
2.38
16
1535
2
-
Pentadecyn
-
1
-
ol
0.74
17
1681
6
-
heptyl
-
tétrahydropyran
-
2
-
one
0.91
Total
97.49
Table 4. Percentage of fatty acid composition of argan fruit pulp.
Tabela 4. Porcentagem da composição de ácidos graxos da polpa da
fruta argão.
Acides gras Pourcentage %
Myristique C14 : 0 14
Pentadécanoïque C15 : 0 -
Palmitique C16 : 0
27
Heptadécanoique C17 : 0 -
Palmitoléique C16 : 1 1
Stéarique C18 : 0 6
Oléique C18 :
1
15
Linoléique C18 : 2 20
Linolénique C18 : 3 4
Nonadécénoique C19 : 1 -
Arachidique C20 : 0
1
Gadoléique C20 : 1 1
3.5. Study of the unsaponifiable pulp of the fruit of the
argan tree
The study of secondary metabolites of the argan tree was
undertaken with the aim of identifying new compounds
allowing to increase the industrial and commercial value of
the argan tree. If successful, the protection of the argan tree
and an extension of the argan tree would be strongly
stimulated. From the pulp of the argan fruit, (+) - catechin,
(-) - epicatechin, rutin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid,
hydroxycinnamic derivatives and resorcinol have been
isolated. Erythrodiol, lupeol, α- and β-amyrin, other
triterpenes have been found in the unsaponifiable pulp; these
are taraxasterol, Ψ-taraxasterol, betulinaldehyde and betulin.
The sterols identified in the fruit pulp of the argan tree are
schottenol and spinasterol, their content in unsaponifiable
matter is less than 0.4% (HILALI et al., 2007). Volatile
substances in the fruit pulp of the argan tree were analyzed
and resorcinol was identified as the major component
(73.5%; KARLESKIND, 1992).
Phenolic composition and anti-microbiological activity of essential oils from the fruit pulp of the Argan tree
Nativa, Sinop, v. 11, n. 2, p. 143-147, 2023.
146
3.6. Study of the composition of the saponosides of the
pulp of the fruit of the argan tree
The methanolic extract of the pulp has revealed the
presence of three saponosides including a new natural
substance: arganin K (Figure 1), this extract represents
remarkable antioxidant properties and inhibits the
proliferation of human cancer cell lines of thymic origin
(HPB-HALL - CONSEIL OLEICOLE
INTERNATIONAL, 2001).
HO
OH
O
O
O
OOH
OH
OH
C
O
OH
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
HO
O
O
O
HO
HO
O
HO
HO O
HO
OH
OH
O
HO
OH
Figure 1. Saponin extracted from the pulp of the argan fruit
(ArganineK).
Figura 1. Saponina extraída da polpa do fruto do argan (ArganineK).
4. DISCUSSION
The separation and identification of the main phenolic
compounds present in the argan fruit pulp were performed
using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with
mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS / MS). In present study, the
retention times of the peaks of the phenolic compounds of
sample were used compared to those of the controls
(reference compounds) and completed by an analysis of the
fragmentation of the molecules by mass spectrometry.
The study of the phenolic composition of the fruit pulp
of the argan tree has already been studied by Charrouf;
Guillaume (2007), who was able to identify only four
phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, rutin, and p-
hydroxybenzoic acid). This work completed the separation
and identification of the majority of the phenolic compounds
in the fruit pulp of the argan tree, which allowed us to identify
16 phenolic compounds. This study was approached for the
first time as a biochemical approach to establish a
polyphenolic identity card and allows to highlight a fairly
important structural diversity encompassing four main
groups of phenolic compounds:
- Phenolic acids consisting of gallic acid (5%) and
protocatechuic acid (21.1%). These compounds are more
dominant than flavonoids. In our study we did not find p-
hydroxybenzoic acid among the phenolic acids of the pulp of
the argan tree.
- The flavonoids-O-rhamnoglucosides the most
dominant compounds is isorhoifoline (7.2%) and hesperidin
(4.5%) against rutin (0.1%) and rhamnetin-O-rutinoside
(0.5%) are less dominant.
- Flavonoids-O-glycosides: The major compounds are
hyperoside (13.4%) and isoquercetine (10%). On the other
hand, naringenin-7-O-glucoside was the most minor
component of this type of flavonoid in the fruit pulp of the
argan tree (the percentage of naringenin-7-O-glucoside and
quercetin-3-O-arabinose is 15.3%), (compounds 11 and 12).
- There are other phenolic compounds in the argan pulp
ie catechin (2.8%), epicatechin (14.7%), procyanidin (2.7%),
quercetin (1.6%), luteolin (0.2%) and naringenine (0.07%). It
is noted that epicatechin was the most sensitive compound
in the fruit pulp of the argan tree after protocatechuic acid
(21.1%).
The fruit pulp of the argan tree has been found to be rich
in epicatechin and other catechin derivatives whose natural
antioxidant power is important according to many studies.
However, such combinations of natural phenolic compounds
could be used for better preservation of argan oil. Terpenic
oxygenated derivatives (OTDs) are the main constituents of
the essential oil of the argan fruit pulp.
Camphor is the main compound with (35.5%). 1,8-
Cineole is present as a percentage appreciable (16.0%). Endo-
borneol and 2- (4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl) -propan-2-ol have
been found in similar percentages with 11.8 and 11.1%,
respectively.
The presence of camphor and 1,8-cineole in appreciable
quantity in the fruit pulp of argan is very interesting. Indeed,
in combination these two compounds have an insect
repellent effect or Terpenic oxygenated derivatives (OTDs)
are the main constituents of the essential oil of argan fruit
pulp. Camphor is the main compound with (35.5%). 1,8-
Cineole is present in appreciable percentage (16.0%). Endo-
borneol and 2- (4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl) -propan-2-ol were
found in similar percentages with 11.8 and 11.1%,
respectively. The presence of camphor and 1,8-cineole in
appreciable quantity in the pulp of the argan fruits is very
interesting. Indeed, in combination these two compounds
have an insect repellent effect or an insecticidal activity
(HARHAR et al., 2011; LIU et al., 2021). These activities
could be valued on an industrial scale for antimicrobial uses.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study was approached for the first time as a
biochemical approach to establish a polyphenolic identity
card, chemical composition of the essential oil of the fruit
pulp of the argan tree and allows to highlight a rather
important structural diversity including four main groups of
phenolic compounds in the pulp of the argan fruit and also
this study shows that camphor is more important in the
essential oil these metabolites make the pulp more important
at the industrial level. These activities could be valued on an
industrial scale for antimicrobial uses.
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Acknowledgments:
I would like to thank my fellow plant chemistry lab colleagues
for their invaluable help. To all the people who contributed directly
or indirectly to the realization of this work, I send them my warmest
thanks
Author Contributions: L.H. - Methodology, Research, and
Administration; M. H. - Conceptualization, Methodology, Research,
Validation, Writing and proof-reading; A.L.: Methodology,
Validation, Writing draft. All authors read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: Not applicable.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Raw and analysed data can be
obtained by request to the corresponding Author by e-mail.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict
of interests regarding the publication of this paper.