![](data:image/png;base64,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Incubação de calcário finamente moído e características químicas do solo sob cultivo de soja e milho
Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 4, p. 585-594, 2022.
586
(V%) até 10 cm de profundidade, remetendo a ideia de que o
não contato do corretivo-solo em semeadura direta não
aumenta a reação do calcário fino. Em estudo de diferentes
solos e granulometrias do corretivo, Rodrighero et al. (2015)
verificaram após um ano, efeito do calcário apenas na camada
de 0-5 cm, com diferença para as granulometrias, gerando
efeito corretivo e alterando o pH, Ca, Mg e V%.
Com relação à dose e ao calcário utilizado, Gallo et al.
(1956) estudando solos com 3,63 e 0,87 cmolc dm-3 de Ca e
Mg, respectivamente, aplicaram as doses para elevar a
saturação por bases à 70% ou o dobro da dose recomendada
para V 70%. Os autores verificaram que a soja se desenvolveu
melhor ao usar calcário dolomítico versus calcítico, e que ao
dobrar a dose, o desenvolvimento foi ainda melhor.
Clarck et al. (1997) verificaram redução nas
concentrações de Ca, P e Mn da parte aérea do milho, quando
houve o aumento de Mg no solo, decorrente do uso de
calcário dolomítico, verificando ainda maiores acúmulos de
massa radicular e aérea nas relações superiores a 10:01 de
Ca:Mg. Munoz Hernandez; Silveira (1998) verificaram que
em solos com relação Ca:Mg maior 03:01, há redução no
crescimento e queda na produção da gramínea decorrente do
antagonismo que o Ca causa na absorção de Mg. Nolla;
Anghinoni (2006) ao cultivarem a soja com doses crescentes
de calcário, verificaram incrementos em todos os parâmetros
das plantas decorrentes do aumento das doses.
O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o efeito de doses
de calcário calcítico e dolomítico sobre os atributos químicos
do solo e na produtividade de plantas de soja e milho.
2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação no setor
do Viveiro, da UFMT Sinop – MT. O solo utilizado foi
classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico
(LvAd), coletado em subsolo (10-30 cm de profundidade), em
área de mata, na região de Sinop – MT. As características
químicas do solo, antes da instalação do experimento foram as
seguintes: pH = 4,37; P= 0,63 mg dm-3, K = 32,0 mg dm-3; Ca
= 0,31 cmolc dm-3; Mg = 0,27 cmolc dm-3; Al = 0,7 cmolc dm-
3; H+Al = 9,18 cmolc dm-3; CTC = 9,83 cmolc dm-3; V = 6,69%
e 510 g kg-1 de argila.
O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente
casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 2x4, sendo dois
calcários tipo filler (calcítico e dolomítico) e quatro doses (0,0;
3,0; 6,0; e 9,0 t ha-1), com quatro repetições. As repetições eram
constituídas por vasos plásticos com 10,0 dm³ de solo, cuja
umidade foi mantida próxima da capacidade de campo, através
de pesagens diárias do conjunto vaso-planta. O solo foi
peneirado em peneira de 4,00 mm e incubado com a fração
menor que 0,3 mm com calcário calcítico (46% de CaO e 3%
de MgO) de PRNT de 90% e com dolomítico (29% de CaO e
19% de MgO) de PRNT de 99%. Para se obter o calcário, o
mesmo foi macerado em cadinho de porcelana e passado em
peneira de 0,3 mm até se conseguir um volume suficiente para
o estudo.
O calcário foi adicionado ao solo no dia 15/04/2015, o
qual foi irrigado semanalmente. Aos 90 dias o solo dos vasos
foi amostrado (1ª amostragem), retirando-se quatro furos por
vaso para compor uma amostra (repetição), e determinou-se o
pH em água, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al. Após este procedimento, o
solo ficou em repouso nos vasos.
Em 18/10/2015 o solo voltou a ser irrigado e em 21/10 foi
semeada a soja, cultivar TMG 132, de ciclo normal, com cinco
sementes por vaso. Em V3 realizou-se o desbaste, deixando
apenas três plantas por vaso. Antes da semeadura, realizou-se
a adubação de base por vaso, quando os fertilizantes foram
distribuídos por vaso e homogeneizado em todo o volume. A
adubação foi feita utilizando uma formulação comercial MAP
(51% de P2O5 e 9% de N), visando atingir a concentração de
250 mg dm-3 de P. A aplicação dos micronutrientes foi com
diluição em água e posterior distribuição no solo nas
concentrações de; Boro 0,5 mg dm-3, Manganês 4 mg dm-3,
Cobre 1,5 mg dm-3 e Zinco 5 mg dm-3. A adubação de
cobertura foi feita utilizando a mesma metodologia dos
micronutrientes, com cloreto de potássio e a ureia, parcelados
em 3 aplicações até 45 dias, visando atingir de 250 mg dm-3 de
potássio e nitrogênio finais, respectivamente (MALAVOLTA,
1980).
O tratamento das sementes de soja foi realizado com a
aplicação, inoculante, cobalto, molibdênio e inseticida a base
de fipronil. O controle de pragas e doenças foi realizado
conforme a necessidade da cultura.
Em 10/02/2016, a soja foi colhida e avaliou-se: altura de
plantas, diâmetro do caule, massa seca da parte aérea, massa
seca de raiz, massa seca total, número de vagens por planta,
número de grãos por planta, relação parte aérea:raiz, massa de
1000 grãos (estimada com subamostras de 50 grãos cada),
produção de grãos e a concentração de P, K, Ca, Mg na matéria
seca da parte aérea da planta, sem os grãos. O solo foi
amostrado seguindo mesmo procedimento anterior,
contabilizando nesta data ~200 dias do início da incubação (2ª
amostragem). Após a amostragem os vasos foram mantidos
sem irrigação por um ano.
Em fevereiro de 2017, o solo foi fertilizado com fósforo e
novamente irrigado e o milho DKB 290 foi semeado, com
quatro sementes por vaso e desbaste após 15 dias, conduzindo-
se duas plantas durante a avaliação. As sementes receberam
tratamento industrial e o controle de pragas e doenças foi
realizado conforme a necessidade da cultura. A fertilização para
o milho foi similar a soja, apenas com aumento da dose de N
para 300 mg dm-3. Devido a haver duas plantas por vaso,
quando as plantas iniciaram o florescimento e emitiram os
primórdios das espigas, elas começaram a morrer,
possivelmente pelo espaço diminuto dos vasos, então optou-se
por colhê-las. Para o milho avaliou-se massa seca da raiz, massa
da parte aérea, massa seca total, número de nós por planta,
número de folhas, diâmetro do colmo, comprimento do
colmo, altura da planta e altura de inserção do primórdio da
espigueta. Após a colheita das plantas o solo foi amostrado e
analisado (3ª amostragem), finalizando o estudo com
aproximadamente 300 dias de incubação de solo úmido,
descontando o período de repouso dos vasos (sem irrigação).
Os dados obtidos foram analisados estatisticamente no
programa estatístico SISVAR® (FERREIRA, 2011), sendo
submetido a análise de variância pelo teste F a 5% de
probabilidade, sendo comparados os efeitos dos calcários pelo
teste de Tukey (p< 0,05) e as doses por regressão polinomial, e
a interação entre fontes e doses de calcários foram desdobradas
em função das doses.
3. RESULTADOS
3.1. Atributos Químicos do Solo
Houve efeito das doses de calcário para todas as variáveis
analisados no solo e interação significativa entre o corretivo
e as doses para os teores de Ca e Mg (cmolc dm-3) e sua % na
CTC, como também para a relação Ca:Mg (Tabela 1). Em
relação aos corretivos, os valores absolutos de Ca, sua
saturação na CTC e a relação Ca:Mg se mostraram superiores