Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 283-289, 2022.

Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i2.13666 ISSN: 2318-7670

Effect of acetylation on technological characteristics of

Jacaranda copaia

wood: Part 2 – Chemical and colorimetric changes

Andressa Midori Yamauchi BAUFLEUR1, Diego Martins STANGERLIN1,2,

Leonardo Gomes de VASCONCELOS3, Elisangela PARIZ2, Francisco RODOLFO JUNIOR4,

Edgley Alves de Oliveira PAULA5, Rafael Rodolfo de MELO5

1Postgraduated Program in Forest and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.

2Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil.

3 Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.

4Federal University of Piauí, Profa. Cinobelina Elvas Campus, Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil.

5Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region, Mossoró, RN, Brazil.

*E-mail: dessinha_midori@hotmail.com

(ORCID: 0000-0003-2318-2428; 0000-0003-4336-6793; 0000-0002-2886-1887; 0000-0002-8009-9789;

0000-0001-9173-9748; 0000-0002-0258-3209; 0000-0001-6846-2496)

Received on 02/09/2022; Accepted on 06/29/2022; Published on 07/22/2022.

ABSTRACT: Acetylation is a chemical change to improve wood properties through a chemical reaction that

substitutes hydroxyl with acetyl groups. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the efficiency of

acetylation for the improvement of Jacaranda copaia wood properties. Chemical characterization, infrared

spectroscopy, and colorimetry tests were carried out. The infrared spectra were qualitatively analyzed for

chemical changes caused by acetylation. Changes in wood color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C, and h*) were

evaluated. The wood acetylation was carried out through immersion of samples in anhydride acetic; 5 treatments

were evaluated: Control (no acetylation), acetylation for 2 hours, acetylation for 4 hours, acetylation for 6 hours,

and acetylation for 8 hours. All reactions were carried out under a constant temperature of 90±2 °C. The results

showed the occurrence of chemical changes in structural components of the acetylated wood by increases in

1735, 1375, and 1250 cm bands referring to the addition of acetate groups. Regarding colorimetry, darkening

of wood was found for all acetylation treatments.

Keywords: Amazon wood; surface properties; color; FTIR.

Efeito da acetilação nas propriedades tecnológicas da madeira

Jacaranda copaia

: Parte 2 – alterações químicas e colorimétricas

RESUMO: A acetilação é uma modificação química que visa a melhoria das propriedades da madeira a partir

de uma reação química que substitui um grupo hidroxila por um grupo acetil. Assim, este trabalho teve como

objetivo comprovar a eficiência da acetilação na melhoria das propriedades da madeira de Jacaranda copaia. Para

isso, foram realizados a caracterização química, testes de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e testes de

colorimetria. Buscou-se por meio dos espectros de infravermelho uma análise qualitativa das modificações

químicas proporcionadas pela acetilação. Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas as alterações proporcionadas na

coloração da madeira (parâmetros L*, a*, b*, C e h*). A acetilação da madeira foi realizada mediante imersão

de amostras em anidrido acético, sendo avaliados 5 tratamentos: Controle (não acetiladas), Acetilação por 2 h,

Acetilação por 4 h, Acetilação por 6 h e Acetilação por 8 h. Todas as reações realizadas com a temperatura

constante de 90 ± 2°C. Os resultados evidenciaram que ocorreu uma modificação química nos componentes

estruturais da madeira acetilada, por meio do aumento nas bandas 1735, 1375 e 1250 cm-1 referentes a adição

de grupos acetatos. Em relação à colorimetria verificou-se o escurecimento da madeira acetilada em todos os

tratamentos.

Palavras-chave: Madeiras da Amazônia; propriedades de superfície; cor; FTIR.

1. INTRODUCTION

According to Cermák et al. (2022), wood is an important

natural material extracted from renewable sources which

presents many advantages, such as mechanical strength

properties and rigidity, considering its weight, is a source of

energy, and has esthetical characteristics. However, it also

presents characteristics that affect its properties, including a

strong tendency for water absorption and desorption, which

results in a high dimensional instability and susceptibility to

wood-decay fungi (CERMÁK et al., 2022).

According to Jones; Sandberg (2020), chemical, thermal,

and impregnation processes carried out for wood changes are

novelty methods for enhancing wood’s physical, mechanical,

and esthetical properties for the development of products

from sawn timber, fiberboards, and composite strengthened

wood. Another important advantage is the decrease of

environmental impacts caused by the discarding of these

materials at the end of their useful life, which are lower than

those of non-modified wood (JONES; SANDBERG, 2020).

The changing of wood chemical properties through

acetylation with anhydride acetic is worldwide known as one

of the most promising methods for improving wood

properties, considering technical and economic aspects.

Despite this method being used by industries in some

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Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 283-289, 2022.

284

countries, in Brazil, it is still experimental and an object of

scientific study (GOMES et al., 2006; CASTRO et al., 2013;

CASTRO; IWAKIRI, 2014; FIGUEIREDO et al., 2019).

Bi et al (2021) reported that manufactured products based

on wood treated with acetylation still require better physical

and mechanical properties and lower production costs.

Nonetheless, advances in the development of new acetylation

techniques for wood modification have been promising, and

it is expected that these techniques provide modified

materials with better performance, are easy processing

methods, and require less raw material (BI et al., 2021).

According to Sandak et al. (2021), the wood chemical

change process is a result of the interaction between chemical

reagents and wood constituents, which are covalently linked.

Chung et al. (2018) reported that the chemical change process

by acetylation is known as the result of the replacement of

hydroxyl groups present in wood fibers to decrease the

hydrophilicity of the material.

According to Rowell (2020), in the acetylation treatment,

hydroxyl groups present higher availability in polymers in the

wood cell wall. During the acetylation process, a single

addition reaction occurs, substituting hydroxyl with acetyl

groups without the polymerization process, and the weight

gain enabled by the acetyl group can be transformed into

blocked hydroxyls (ROWELL, 2020).

The properties of acetylated wood depend on the

acetylation method used and are directly related to other

factors, such as the temperature of the treatment, reaction

time, presence or absence of catalyzer, sample water content

at the treatment time, and adequate distribution of the

reagent in regions accessible by water in the cell wall

(ZHANG et al., 2015; MANTANIS, 2017).

Jacaranda copaia is among wood species with potential for

acetylation treatment; it presents a basic specific weight of

0.31 g cm-³, is considered a light wood of easy workability,

and is very used for carpentry purposes, fiberboards, boxes,

and laminated wood (IBAMA, 2011; EMBRAPA, 2017).

Nonetheless, J. copaia wood is dimensionally unstable and

susceptible to wood-decay fungi (ELEOTÉRIO; SILVA,

2014). These characteristics hinder the use of this species in

the manufacturing of high-added value products. Therefore,

it requires the use of techniques that enable better

applicability of this wood species to different environments

and promote a better quality for the development of

products.

The objective of this work was to assess the efficiency of

acetylation for the improvement of technological properties

of J. copaia wood, considering the effect of treatments with

different acetylation reaction times on chemical changes of

the wood cell wall and on changes in wood color.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Sample collection and preparation

Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. wood was obtained from

timber boards stored by the Laboratory of Wood Technology

(LTM) of the Institute of Agricultural Defense of the State

of Mato Grosso (INDEA), in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.

One-hundred and twenty samples with nominal

dimensions of 2.5 × 2.5 × 1.0 cm (width × length ×

thickness) were used, all free from pronounced defects such

as cracks and knots.

The samples were placed in a forced air circulation oven

at a temperature of 60±2 °C until they presented anhydrous

weight and volume. The weight was determined using an

analytical balance, and the volume was determined using a

digital caliper, at the end of the drying. The samples were then

divided into five groups (treatments) with 24 samples: four

groups with samples to be subjected to acetylation and one

control group (non-acetylated samples).

2.2. Acetylation

The acetylation treatment was applied using the adapted

methodology of Gomes et al. (2006). The wood was

subjected to acetylation treatments four different times (2, 4,

6, and 8 hours) under constant temperature (90±2 °C). The

wood samples were immersed in four glass bottles containing

1000 mL of acetic anhydride, and the material was maintained

warm in a water bath.

The samples were then withdrawn from the immersion

and washed with water for removing most of the reagent and

subjected to drying in a forced air circulation oven at 60±2

°C.

2.3. Chemical characterization

The wood boards were transformed into chips and, then,

into sawdust, using a Wiley mill. The ground material was

then subdivided into three granulometric fractions: larger

than 40 mesh, between 40 and 60 mesh, and smaller than 60

mesh, as described in the NBR 14660 (ABNT, 2004).

The fraction between 40 and 60 mesh were used for

gravimetrical chemical analysis, in duplicate, to determine

extractive contents, lignin, and ashes, as described in the

NBR 14853 (ABNT, 2010), NBR 7989 (ABNT, 2017), and

NBR 13999 (ABNT, 2010). Holocellulose contents was

determined by the difference between the total chemical the

composition and composition of the non-carbohydrate

fraction.

2.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - FTIR

For specters, infrared analysis, a spectrophotometer

FTIR Shimadzu Iraffinity-1 (Model: IRAffinity-1; Cat.No.

206-73500-38; Serial No. A21374902249S1; Brand:

Shimadzu Corporation) was used.

To obtain the FTIR spectra of the samples, potassium

bromide (KBr) tablets were used. The KBr was previously

dried in an oven at a temperature of 110±2 °C for

approximately 3 hours. After drying∕activation, the KBr was

transferred to a desiccator, where it remained until the

preparation of the tablets.

The tablets were prepared as follows: control and

acetylated samples (12 samples for each treatment) were

ground using a Wiley mill equipped with a 60-mesh sieve, and

then placed in an oven at 60±2 °C for 24 hours. A subsample

of 1.0 mg of each sample was collected per treatment and

mixed with 100 mg of dry KBr at the proportion of 1:100

mg. The mixture was placed in an agate mortar and ground

until it becomes a thin powder, using an agate pistil.

The mixture was placed in a previously assembled

stainless steel mold and pressed with a loading of 8 tons for

5 minutes, using a hydraulic press (Brand: Shimadzu

Corporation; Model: SSP-10A; P/N: 200-64175; S/N:

310314902239).

After the sample tablet preparation procedure (Figure 1),

the qualitative acquisition of the FTIR spectra was

performed. Initially, the background procedure was

performed using potassium bromide (KBr) tablet. The

spectral acquisition of the samples was performed using the

IRSolution software (Version: 1.50). The measurement

Baufleur et al.

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285

parameters: Measurement Mode (% Transmittance);

Apodizaiton (Happ_Genzel); Number of Scans (200);

Resolution (16); Range (400 to 4000 cm-1); Gain (1).

Figure 1. Hydraulic press, KBr tablet with the sample, and Fourier

transformed infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR).

Figura 1. Prensa hidráulica, pastilha de KBr com amostra e

espectrofotômetro de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier

(FTIR).

2.5. Colorimetry

Colorimetric parameters were obtained using a

colorimeter with a resolution of 3 nm of diffuse illumination

and a D65 illuminator composed of a xenon lamp, with an

observation angle of 10° and an illumination area of 11 mm

diameter (Figure 2).

Twelve samples per treatment were measured twice in the

transversal section, and the mean values were calculated.

The parameters evaluated were: lightness (L*), which

varies between 0 and 100, with 0 representing black and 100

representing white, which is also termed the gray axis;

chromatic coordinates a* and b*, which represent the

positions of color points on the green-red and blue-yellow

axes, respectively, with values between 0 and 60, and positive

numbers indicating red and yellow, and negative numbers

indicating green and blue; color saturation (C), which

represents the distance of the lightness axis: the higher the

gray axis distance, the more saturated the color; and the hue

angle (h*), which represents the dominance of a hue

component of a color, according to the CIEL*a*b* system

(Commission Internationale of L'éclairage).

Figure 2. Spectrophotocolorimeter used for the wood colorimetric

characterization.

Figura 2. Espectrofotocolorímetro utilizado para caracterização

colorimétrica da madeira.

Changes in wood color after acetylation were determined

by the total color variation, according to the ASTM D 2244

(ASTM, 2021). The values of color variation (∆E) were used

to classify the wood into perception levels, according to

Hikita et al. (2001) (Table 1).

Table 1. Classification of the wood total color variation (∆E).

Tabela 1. Classificação da variação total da cor (∆E) da madeira.

Color variation (

∆

)

Classification

0.0

–

0.5

Negligible

0.5

–

1.5

Slightly perceptible

1.5

–

3.0

Noticeable

3.0

–

6.0

Apparent

6.0

–

12.0

Very

apparent

2.6. Statistical analysis

The results of the colorimetry were organized in

spreadsheets, analyzed, and then applied to a completely

randomized design with 12 replications and five treatments:

control, acetylation for 2 hours (T1), acetylation for 4 hours

(T2), acetylation for 6 hours (T3) and acetylation for 8 hours

(T4). The results were subjected to analysis of variance

(ANOVA) and the means were compared by the Tukey's test

at a 5% significance level. The results obtained for the

infrared spectra were analyzed qualitatively, considering the

chemical attributions.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Chemical characterization

The results obtained for the chemical properties of the

Jacaranda copaia wood presented high holocellulose contents

(67.02%) and low ash and extractives concentrations. Lignin

contents presented a mean percentage (29.18%) above that

found for dicotyledon wood species (Table 2).

Table 2. Mean results of chemical analysis of Jacaranda copaia wood.

Tabela 2. Resultados médios da análise química da madeira de

Jacaranda copaia.

Analysis

Concentration (%)

Ash

0.45

Extractives

3.35

Lignin (Klason)

29.18

Holocellulose

67.02

3.2. Infrared spectra (FTIR)

The analysis of the bands enabled to development of a

theoretical referential indicating the connection attributed to

each vibration observed in the treated wood samples (Table

3). The results of the infrared spectroscopy were visually

analyzed, evaluating the relative intensity between bands

characteristic of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The

analysis was carried out by the comparison between the

control and acetylated wood spectra (Figure 3).

The increase in vibration of the bands 1735, 1375, and

1250 cm-1 became more intense as the reaction time was

increased. The band decreased when the reaction time

decreased, as observed for the band 3400 cm-1 (Figure 3).

These results indicated that a longer reaction time results in

more replacement of OH groups, thus resulting in higher

weight gains for the material.

3.3. Colorimetric parameters

The mean values of colorimetric parameters of the

samples with and without treatment with acetylation are

shown in Table 4. The analyses showed that the acetylation

resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the lightness

parameter (L*) for treatment T2, which presented a value of

60.40. However, this treatment T2 presented the highest

values of a* and b* parameters (6.11 and 21.67), which were

statistically equal to those presented by treatment T1.

Treatment T4 presented the highest value of color saturation

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(C), 23.41, which was statistically equal to that of the other

acetylated treatments. T4 presented the highest value of hue

angle (h*), 75.65; however, it was statistically equal to that of

T3 (Table 4). The variations found affected the color of

acetylated J. copaia wood, which presented significant

differences when compared to the control treatment.

The lightness variation (∆L*) was negative for all

treatments; however, a more expressive darkening was found

for the treatment with acetylation for 4 hours (T2): -3.510.

The total color variation (∆E) was also higher for T2: 6.227

(Table 5). These variations provide a general view of the

performance of acetylation regarding the colorimetry of J.

copaia wood. Considering the classification proposed in Table

1 and the analysis of the values presented in Table 5, the total

color variation was considered apparent in treatments T1, T3,

and T4, and very apparent in treatment T2.

Table 3. Attribution of infrared transmittance bands for treated wood.

Tabela 3. Atribuição de bandas de transmitância de infravermelho para madeiras tratadas.

Bands (cm

-1

)

Functional group / Vibration type /

Indication

Reference

3300

–

3500

OH / Stretching / Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Sinha and Rout (2008)

2900

H link / Stretching in methyl and methylene

Sinha and Rout (2008)

1736

Carbonylic link C=O/ Stretching / Hemicellulose

Takagi

et al. (2015)

1645

Carbonylic link C=O/ Stretching / Lignin

Pires et al. (2012)

1510

C=C link / Stretching of aromatic ring / Lignin

Colom et al. (2003)

1460

–

1420

Methyl group / Asymmetrical deformation / Cellulose

Pires et al. (2012)

1375

link / Angular deformation / Cellulose and Hemicellulose

Colom et al. (2003)

1250 Acetyl group / Stretching / Hemicellulose Pires et al. (2012)

1160

–

1110

C link / Hemicellulose

Pires et al. (2012)

1058

C link / Stretching / Cellulose

Colom et al. (2003)

Figure 3. Infrared spectra (FTIR) of control and acetylated samples

of Jacaranda copaia wood.

Figura 3. Espectros de infravermelho (FTIR) das amostras controle

e acetiladas de Jacaranda copaia.

Table 4. Colorimetric parameters of samples of Jacaranda copaia

wood before and after acetylation treatment.

Tabela 4. Parâmetros colorimétricos das amostras de Jacaranda copaia

antes e após o tratamento de acetilação.

Treatments

Colorimetric parameters

Control

65.30 a

4.90 b

16.61 b

17.32 b

73.53 b

(3.82)

(9.14)

(4.18)

(4.58)

(1.24)

T1 (2 h)

62.71 ab

6.01 a

21.28 a

22.18 a

74.30 ab

(3.80)

(9.18)

(3.39)

(3.91)

(1.30)

T2 (4 h)

60.40 b

6.11 a

21.67 a

22.46 a

74.32 ab

(4.43)

(9.77)

(2.98)

(3.41)

(1.41)

T3 (6 h)

63.52 ab

5.61 ab

21.46 a

22.22 a

75.38 a

(4.55)

(15.35)

(4.25)

(4.81)

(2.23)

T4 (8 h)

62.42 ab

5.51 ab

21.44 a

23.41 a

75.65 a

(4.88)

(18.00)

(3.69)

(21.16)

(2.59)

Means followed by the same letter in the columns are not statistically

different from each other by Tukey's test (p<0.05). Values within

parentheses are the coefficients of variation (%).

Table 5. Variations in the colorimetric parameters of Jacaranda copaia

wood samples after acetylation treatments for different times.

Tabela 5. Variações dos parâmetros colorimétricos das amostras de

Jacaranda copaia após diferentes períodos de acetilação.

Treatments

∆L*

∆a*

∆b*

∆

T1 (2 h)

1.740

1.025

4.653

5.082

T2 (4 h)

3.510

1.295

4.978

6.227

T3 (6

1.492

0.603

4.665

4.935

T4 (8 h)

1.790

0.403

4.970

5.298

4. DISCUSSION

4.1. Chemical properties

The results of the chemical characterization of the

Jacaranda copaia wood showed high holocellulose content, low

ash and extractives concentrations and a lignin content above

the mean found for dicotyledon wood species. High

holocellulose and lignin contents in non-treated wood can

affect the material’s mechanical properties. Costa et al. (2017)

reported that the mechanical strength of wood to some types

of loads is not associated only with thickness, but also with

the amounts of their chemical components, such as cellulose,

hemicellulose, lignin, and the percentages of extractives in the

lumen.

Gomes et al. (2021) reported that renewable

lignocellulosic materials tend to present different cellulose,

hemicellulose, and lignin compositions and that these

chemical properties are factors that can limit the material

applicability. Braz et al. (2014) reported that cellulose and

lignin are chemical constituents that affect the fragility of the

wood and its byproducts, as they are directly connected to

mechanical properties.

Considering the percentages of chemical constituents of

the J. copaia wood, the acetylation treatment may improve the

mechanical properties.

4.2. Changes in infrared spectra (FTIR)

The analyses of the infrared spectra (FTIR) (Figure 3)

showed that control samples presented an absorption band

in the region of 3400 cm-1, characterizing a stretching of the

hydroxyl group present in the cellulose, hemicellulose, and

lignin. The greater changes in vibrations occurred in bands

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287

related to hemicellulose (1735 cm-1; C=O), stretching of

hemicellulose (1375 cm-1; C-H), and angular deformations of

cellulose and hemicellulose (1250 cm-1; acetyl group;

stretching of hemicellulose). These results show a higher

efficiency of acetylation in this chemical constituent. Rowell

(2006) explains that the reaction of hydroxyl groups on wood

cell wall constituents affects mainly hemicelluloses and lignin

since they are more reactive sites in the wood.

Variations in spectra intensities may represent changes in

amounts of wood chemical compounds, which are connected

to the formation and changes of chemical compounds and

changes in the energy of the connection between atoms of

these components (YILGOR et al., 2013; ZHANG et al.,

2015).

These were similar results to those obtained by Chauhan

et al. (2001), who evaluated acetylated Hevea brasiliensis wood

through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and found increases in

absorption for wavelengths of 1740 and 1220 cm-1 and

decreases in the band between 3000 and 3600 cm-1. They

evidenced the chemical reaction between anhydride acetic

and hydroxyl groups of wood cell wall polymers and

attributed these changes to the replacement of hydroxyl

groups with acetate groups.

4.3. Colorimetric changes

The results found for colorimetric parameters (L*, a*, b*,

C and h*) and color variations (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* and ∆E)

showed that the acetylation process carried out for 4 hours

promoted greater changes in the color of J. copaia wood.

The red pigmentation (coordinate a*) affected the wood

color composition. Chemically, extractives are chromophore

compounds responsible for some properties, such as color

and smell. According to Lima et al. (2013), low values of the

green-red axis (a*) may indicate a low percentage of

extractives in the wood.

The coordinate b*, which evaluates the yellow matrix of

the wood, is the main responsible for the formation of the

color of J. copaia wood. All treatments with acetylation were

significantly different from the control treatment. Acetylated

J. copaia wood became more yellowish as the coordinate b*

increased. According to Mesquita et al. (2020), the higher the

value of the parameter b*, the higher the participation of the

yellow color.

The chromaticity (C) showed increases in values

responsible for the wood’s total color saturation. This

variable represents the deviation from the point

corresponding to the lightness axis; the farther the axis, the

more saturated the color. According to Grey (2006), highly

saturated color is purer and more vibrant, whereas a less

saturated color is weaker and less pure.

After the acetylation process, the J. copaia wood samples

presented significant darkening and color variations that

resulted in changes in their classification, from apparent to

very apparent.

Castro (2013) evaluated acetylation treatments for wood

particles of Pinus taeda L. and found wood darkening after the

process. Dong et al. (2016) found similar results when

evaluating acetylated Populus tomentosa Carr. and Pinus

massoniana Lamb. wood.

In addition, Fodor et al. (2017) evaluated acetylation

treatments for Carpinus betulus L. wood under industrial

conditions, by the Accoya method, and found similar results

to those found in the present study, such as wood darkening

and increases in red pigmentation on the surface of the

treated wood.

5. CONCLUSIONS

The chemical characterization of Jacaranda copaia wood

(control) showed a higher percentage of holocellulose and

lignin in its composition.

The infrared spectroscopy showed the efficiency of the

acetylation treatment. Considering the spectra (FTIR)

observed, there were changes in the vibrations of bands,

denoting the presence of acetate groups formed in the

acetylation process.

Regarding the colorimetry, the acetylated wood presented

darkening in all treatments. The colorimetric parameters

showed the occurrence of changes in the acetylated

treatments when compared to the control treatment.

6. REFERENCES

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND

MATERIALS – ASTM. ASTM D 2244: Standard

practice for calculation of color tolerances and color

differences from instrumentally measured color

coordinates. ASTM: West Conshohocken, 2021.

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS

– ABNT. NBR 13999: Pasta celulósica e madeira –

determinação de lignina insolúvel em ácido. Rio de

Janeiro: ABNT, 2010. 5p.

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS

– ABNT. NBR 14583: Madeira – Determinação do

material solúvel em etanol-tolueno e em diclorometano e

em acetona. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2010. 3p.

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS

– ABNT. NBR 14660: Madeira – amostragem e

preparação para análise. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2004. 7p.

ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS

– ABNT. NBR 7989: Papel, cartão, pasta celulósica e

madeira – determinação do resíduo (cinza) após a

incineração a 525 ºC. Rio de Janeiro: ABNT, 2017. 6p.

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