![](data:image/png;base64,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Malte de variedades de amaranto
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 5, p. 563-566, 2021.
564
quando o processo atinge um determinado ponto de
germinação, o processo é cessado através da secagem.
O poder diastático é o parâmetro que mede a atividade da
α-amilases e β-amilases, ou seja, ele avalia a capacidade dessas
enzimas em quebrar o amido; sendo um parâmetro de
qualidade do malte (HOYLE et al., 2020). São relatados
valores padrão para o poder diastático de no mínimo 220
WK; valores muito baixos podem gerar problemas na etapa
de brasagem e os valores elevados podem influenciar o grau
de fermentação (KUNZE, 2006).
Alguns autores pesquisaram sobre malte de amaranto
(FERREIRA et al., 2007; NABUUMA et al., 2013; MOTTA
et al., 2019), no entanto estudos ainda são escassos. Neste
sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter e
avaliar o malte de diferentes variedades de amaranto
(Amaranthus cruentus e Amaranthus caudatus), produzidas no
cerrado mato-grossense.
2. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS
O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade Federal de
Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. A pesquisa foi realizada
em duas etapas, sendo a primeira no Laboratório de
Sementes para estudo da germinação e produção do malte. A
segunda parte, onde determinou-se o poder diastático dos
maltes produzidos, foi realizada no Laboratório de Físico-
química de Alimentos.
Foram utilizadas sementes das espécies Amaranthus
cruentus, com as variedades BRS Alegria e Verde, e Amaranthus
caudatus, com uma variedade denominada Inca, produzidas na
Fazenda Experimento da Universidade Federal do Mato
Grosso, Santo Antônio do Leverger, Mato Grosso,
coordenadas geográficas 15°50’48” S e 56°03’52” W, altitude
de 140 m.
A variedade BRS Alegria foi selecionada por sua
adaptação ao clima do Cerrado brasileiro (SILVA et al.,
2019). Suas sementes são de aproximadamente 1,0 mm e sãos
ricas em aminoácidos essenciais. A variedade Verde é uma
derivada da BRS Alegria, selecionada devido à coloração das
nervuras dos cotilédones verdes, diferenciando-se do BRS
Alegria de nervuras avermelhadas. A variedade denominada
Inca, foi selecionada devido à suas características em relação
a espécie, diferenciando-se das outras duas, e é uma variedade
estudada na Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia da UFMT
desde 2009.
O teste de germinação foi realizado conforme a
recomendação do Manual de Regras para a Análise de
Sementes (BRASIL, 2009). As sementes passaram por um
processo de limpeza, em que foram mergulhadas em solução
de hipoclorito de sódio (NaClO), por um minuto, e lavadas
com água destilada antes de iniciar o processo de germinação
para a evitar a contaminação.
Foram utilizadas caixas de germinação (gerbox), com
substrato mata-borrão, utilizando-se 50 sementes espaçadas
uniformemente. Para manter o ambiente controlado foi
usada uma estufa incubadora tipo BOD (Biochemical Oxygen
Demand) com controle eletrônico de temperatura e
luminosidade, mantendo-se a temperatura em 25 ºC
(CARVALHO; CHRISTOFFOLETI, 2007) e exposição das
sementes a luz controlada com três fotoperíodos, de 0, 12 e
24 horas.
Para o teste de germinação, considerou-se delineamento
inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com esquema fatorial 3x3,
sendo três variedades de amaranto (BRS Alegria, Verde e
Inca) e três fotoperíodos (0, 12 e 24 horas), com cinco
repetições; utilizou-se o programa estatístico Assistat versão
7.7 pt para a análise dos dados.
O teste de germinação precedeu a produção de malte pois
serviam de base para a maltagem, uma vez que eles avaliam
as condições mais adequadas de luz e a viabilidade das
sementes (KUNZE, 2006).
O experimento de produção de malte foi realizado em
duas condições de temperatura, em 20 °C (BRASIL, 2009) e
25 °C (CARVALHO; CHRISTOFFOLETI, 2007), para as
três variedades de amaranto. A produção do malte envolveu
o preparo da matéria prima, a maceração, a germinação, a
secagem e a crivagem e foi obtida conforme o fluxograma
adaptado de Phiarais e Arendt (2008).
As sementes foram pesadas, na quantidade de 200 g,
inseridas em uma embalagem de tecido com malha fina,
conhecido como saco de filó, e passaram pelo processo de
limpeza como já descrito. Para a maceração, ou embebição,
utilizou-se uma bomba de ar de oxigênio, ou aerador, com as
sementes suspensas através do saco, para que houvesse
melhor ação do aerador, e foi adicionada água destilada
suficiente para cobrir todas as sementes. A maceração foi
realizada de acordo com o método das sementes submersas
(BASKIN; BASKIN, 2014), com duração de 10 horas.
Para a fase de germinação da maltagem, as sementes
maceradas foram espalhadas sobre bandejas forradas por
papel manteiga e cobertas por filme PVC, para manter o
ambiente saturado e reduzir a perda de água pelas sementes.
Foi realizado revolvimento e umedecimento da massa de
semente a cada 24 horas. As sementes ficaram nesse processo
por 64 h para temperatura de 20 °C e 48 h para a temperatura
de 25 °C, em que se obteve a mesma taxa de germinação, com
fotoperíodo de 12 horas, levando em consideração o teste de
germinação realizado previamente.
Para a secagem, o malte verde foi distribuído sobre uma
peneira com malha de 0,85 mm, em aço inoxidável, e levado
à estufa de circulação forçada à temperatura de 50 °C durante
36 h. A crivagem foi realizada utilizando-se a mesma peneira,
com a esfrega manual para a retirada das radículas.
Calculou-se o rendimento de acordo com a massa final e
a massa inicial (200 g) do malte, considerando as perdas por
umidade e processos germinativos. A umidade foi realizada
pelo método direto, em estufa de circulação forçada, à 105
°C, por 24 h (BRASIL, 2009). A qualidade dos maltes
produzidos foi realizada por meio da análise do poder
diastático, conforme metodologia da Analytica EBC (2006).
Para a produção de malte, considerou-se delineamento
inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com esquema fatorial 3x2,
sendo três variedades de amaranto (BRS Alegria, Verde e
Inca) e duas temperaturas de maltagem (20 e 25 °C), com três
repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao
teste de Tukey, ou regressão não linear, conforme o caso,
sempre que o teste “F” apresentou significância.
3. RESULTADOS
Na Tabela 1 são apresentados os resultados do teste de
germinação das sementes com diferentes fotoperíodos. Para
todas sementes avaliadas, foi verificada germinação próxima
da máxima, acima de 80% para o fotoperíodo de 12 horas.
As menores taxas de germinação foram as obtidas nos
tratamentos com presença de luz por 24 horas, com nível
crítico para a variedade BRS Alegria, de 16%.
Observou-se que A. cruentus var. Verde apresentou
porcentagem de germinação elevada indiferentemente do
tempo de exposição à luz, ou seja, germinam tanto na