Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i1.13160 ISSN: 2318-7670

Nutritional status and production of ‘Prata-Anã’ (AAB) and ‘BRS Platina’ (AAAB)

banana plants with organic fertilization

Pedro Ricardo Rocha MARQUES1,2*, Sergio Luiz Rodrigues DONATO2,

Abel Rebouças SÃO JOSÉ1, Raul Castro Carriello ROSA3, Alessandro de Magalhães ARANTES2

1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia (Fitotecnia), Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, BA, Brasil.

2Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Guanambi, BA, Brasil.

3Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil.

*E-mail: pedro.marques@ifbaiano.edu.br

(ORCID: 0000-0002-3870-2724; 0000-0002-7719-4662; 0000-0002-3179-243X; 0000-0002-2093-7752; 0000-0002-7520-9891)

Recebido em 16/11/2021; Aceito em 16/02/2022; Publicado em 14/03/2022.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional status and yield of ‘Prata’ bananas

fertilized with different sources for organic management applied to soils with improved fertility. Two cultivars

(‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’), five annual potassium rates (0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 kg ha-1 of K2O) supplied

by bovine manure and rock powder, and six evaluation periods (210, 390, 570, 750, 930, and 1.110 days after

transplanting – DAT) were laid out in a randomized block design, in a 2 x 5 x 6 factorial arrangement with

three replicates. The yield was determined over three cycles. The levels of K and S in leaves increased with

increasing rates of K2O interacting with the evaluation periods. The levels of N, P, and Cu increased with

increasing rates of K2O. High soil fertility and manure and rock powder applications were not enough to

maintain appropriate levels of leaf Mn in ‘Prata-Anã’. The levels of leaf K, S, Cu, and Zn in the cultivar Prata-

Anã differed from those of the ‘BRS Platina’. Applying manure and rock powder as organic fertilizers did not

increase the yield of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana plants grown on soils with improved fertility during

four production cycles.

Keywords: Musa spp.; leaf tissue analysis; yield.

Estado nutricional e produção de bananeiras ‘Prata-anã’ (AAB) e ‘BRS Platina’

(AAAB) com fertilização orgânica

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o estado nutricional e o rendimento de bananeiras 'Prata'

com diferentes fontes de fertilização para manejo orgânico em solos com fertilidade melhorada. Duas cultivares

('Prata-Anã' e 'BRS Platina'), cinco doses anuais de potássio (0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 kg ha-1 de K2O) fornecidas

por meio de esterco bovino e pó de rocha, e seis períodos (210, 390, 570, 750, 930 e 1.110 dias após o

transplantio), distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 x 6 com três

repetições. O rendimento foi determinado por três ciclos. Os teores de K e S nas folhas aumentaram com

aumento das taxas de K2O em interação com os períodos de avaliação. Os níveis de N, P e Cu aumentaram

com o aumento das doses de K2O. A alta fertilidade do solo e as aplicações de esterco e pó de rocha não são

suficientes para manter os níveis adequados de Mn em ‘Prata-Anã’. Os teores de K, S, Cu e Zn na cultivar

Prata-Anã diferem de ‘BRS Platina’. O esterco e o pó de rocha como fertilizantes orgânicos não aumentam o

rendimento das bananeiras ‘Prata’ cultivadas em solos com fertilidade melhorada durante quatro ciclos de

produção.

Palavras-chave: Musa spp.; análise de tecido foliar; rendimento.

1. INTRODUCTION

Bananas require large amounts of nutrients that should

be supplied according to the current crop’s nutritional

demands (DONATO et al., 2010). The use of organic

fertilizers may be a feasible and environmentally sustainable

alternative. Thus, it is essential to know the nutrient and yield

responses of banana plants grown on atypical soil conditions

to different fertilizer sources - mineral, organic, or

organomineral. There are several methods for assessing the

nutritional status of plants using data from tissue analysis.

These methods include the sufficiency range technique which

is univariate and considers only one nutrient, methods that

consider bivariate relationships between two nutrients such

as diagnosis and recommendation of an integrated system

(DRIS), and the compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) that

is a multivariate method that considers relationships between

all nutrients. Other methods are also used such as Kenworthy

balanced indices (KWBI) and the mathematical chance

(ChM).

Recently, for the assessment of nutritional status has been

employed machine learning, and compositional data analysis

(CoDa) methods that measure the effects of featured

combinations on banana yield and rank nutrients in the order

of their limitation (LIMA NETO et al., 2020), and nutrient

assessments in real time (ARANTES et al., 2016). Despite its

great simplicity, the sufficiency range technique is the most

Marques et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

used to assess the nutritional status of ‘Prata’ banana (Musa

AAB) plantations (SILVA, 2015) with accurate results. Leaf

tissue analysis is important for assessing the nutritional status

of crops. This analysis, in combination with soil chemical

analysis and visual diagnosis, reflects the dynamic of nutrients

in the soil-plant system (ARANTES et al., 2016).

Several studies on the application of organic fertilizers for

bananas show that the use of these materials is feasible

(DAMATTO JUNIOR et al., 2011a,b; RIBEIRO et al., 2013;

SANTOS et al., 2014). The application of these kinds of

fertilizers to soils increases diversity and biological activity

and aids the suppression of pathogens (GEENSE et al.,

2015). Rock powder is a low-cost fertilizer containing many

nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium,

magnesium, iron, manganese, silicon, copper, and

molybdenum. It is used to recover, renew, or fertilize poor

and unbalanced soils (HARLEY; GILKES, 2000). Valentini

et al. (2016) emphasize that these minerals are more

efficiently taken up by plants when used in combination with

manure.

However, there is a demand for studies in conditions soils

of high or improved fertility, where nutrient contents and

base saturation were changed from a dystrophy condition to

eutrophy by anthropic actions (addition of organic material

of animal and vegetable origin from the crop itself in previous

years) over time. In this sense, it is important to estimate how

many cycles a nutrient-demanding crop such as banana can

be grown without reducing its productivity in the absence of

fertilizer application, inputs currently with prohibitive prices,

particularly potassium. Fertilization systems, together with

varieties of great national importance such as ‘Prata-Anã’ and

its hybrid ‘BRS Platina’ resistant to fusariosis, based on

bovine manure and rock powder, are complementary to

supply nutrients to plants, improve physical quality and

biological properties of the soil and make it possible to

reduce the input of external inputs to the property, currently

with very high costs.

Therefore, these fertilizers may ensure greater long-term

sustainability and recovery in banana plantations. The

objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status

and yield of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ bananas fertilized

with bovine manure and rock powder and grown on soils

with improved fertility.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out at the Baiano Federal

Institute, Guanambi campus, located in the state of Bahia,

Brazil (14°17’27’’ S, 42°46’53’’ W, 537 m a.s.l.). The soil was

classified originally as a typical dystrophic medium-textured

Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo corresponding to an Oxisol

(SANTOS et al., 2018). However, after 20 years of successive

soil amendment and fertilizer applications, the soil assumed

enhanced fertility (MARQUES et al., 2018), where nutrient

contents and base saturation were changed from a dystrophy

condition to eutrophy. Mean annual rainfall and temperature

were 680 mm and 26°C, respectively.

Tissue-cultured plantlets were transplanted on August 21,

2012, at a spacing of 2.5 m x 2.0 m. Cultural practices

followed the recommendations of Rodrigues et al. (2015).

The area was subsoiled, plowed, harrowed, and furrowed.

Fertilizers were mixed in the soil removed when digging the

planting hole according to the rate corresponding to the

treatment.

Plants were irrigated using pressure compensating micro-

sprinklers (Netafim Israel, Kibutz, Hatzerim, Israel), with a

flow rate of 130 L h-1. Irrigations were performed based on

the crop evapotranspiration (ETc), that is the product of

reference evapotranspiration (ETo), calculated using the

modified Penman-Monteith method and the crop coefficient

(Kc). The crop coefficient varied with the growth stage in the

first cycle when it assumed a constant value of 1.4 from

flowering onward (COELHO et al., 2012). The Penman-

Monteith method was used because it integrates the largest

number of meteorological variables (wind, vapor pressure

deficit, relative humidity, and solar radiation) involved in the

process of obtaining evapotranspiration, and because it is the

standard method of FAO.

The treatments consisted of two banana cultivars (‘Prata-

Anã’, AAB and ‘BRS Platina’, AAAB), five annual potassium

rates composed of bovine manure and rock powder (0.00-

0.00, 40.00-3.25, 80.00-6.50, 120.00-9.75, and 160.00-13.00 t

ha-1 for manure and rock powder) that were determined

based on the annual rates of 0, 200, 400, 600 and 800 kg ha-1

of K2O, and six evaluation periods (210, 390, 570, 750, 930

and 1.110 days after transplanting – DAT). The treatments

were arranged in a randomized block design, in a 2 x 5 x 6

factorial arrangement with three replicates. The experimental

plots consisted of 20 plants of which the six located at the

center were used for measurements (measurement plants).

Before transplanting, soil samples were collected at each plot

for testing.

The soil test analysis shows that the soil was highly fertile

(Table 1) as a result of fertilizer applications over the years.

On a dry basis (65°C), the bovine manure had on average

16.72% moisture content, 637.3 g kg-1 of organic matter, and

the following macronutrient levels (g kg-1): Ca = 1.7, Mg =

0.2, K = 2.5, N = 5.2, S = 2.3 (EPA 3051/APHA 3120B) and

P = 4.7 (APHA 4500-PC). Micronutrient levels (mg kg-1)

were as follow: B = 2.1, Cu = 45.2, Zn = 200.5, Mn = 391.8

and Fe = 1 932.4 (EPA 3051/APHA 3120B). Manure density

and pH were 0.38 g cm-3 and 7.42 (official method – MA),

respectively. Rock powder, marketed by the mining company

Terra Produtiva under the brand Naturalplus® (natural

fertilizer), contains 30.0 g kg-1 of K2O, 10.0 g kg-1 of P2O5,

52.0 g of kg-1 CaO, 30.0 g of kg-1 MgO, 63.0 g of kg-1 Fe2O3,

1.5 g of kg-1 MnO, 630 g of kg-1 SiO2, 69 mg of kg-1 Zn

(ICP95A – lithium metaborate fusion – ICP OES), 127 mg

kg-1 of Cu, and 5 mg kg-1 of organic matter (IMS95A –

lithium metaborate fusion – ICP MS).

For setting the potassium rates, the highest annual N rates

found in the literature were used (SOUTO et al., 1997), 700

kg N ha-1, since N is slowly released from organic fertilizers

compared to mineral fertilizers. With this N rate, five annual

N rates were determined: 700, 525, 350, 175, and 0 kg ha-1.

For K2O, the rates were 800, 600, 400, 200 and 0 kg ha-1. The

ratio of N to K2O was 1.7 to 1; therefore, based on the

manure N content, the manure rate was set at 160 Mg ha-1

per year to meet the N demand of 700 kg ha-1. At this manure

rate, 405 kg ha-1 of K2O annually were supplied. Finally,

based on the K2O level in the rock powder, the rock powder

rate was set at 13 Mg ha-1 annually to supply the remaining

395 kg ha-1 of K2O, for a total of 800 kg ha-1 of K2O (the

highest rate).

The same procedures were carried out to determine the

remaining nutrient rates per year (kg ha-1) for P2O5-Ca-Mg-S:

0.00-0.00-0.00-0.00; 401-228-105-77; 801-456-211-155;

1,202-685-316-232, and 1,603-913-421-310, respectively. The

Nutritional status and production of ‘Prata-Anã’ (AAB) and ‘BRS Platina’ (AAAB) banana plants with organic fertilization

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

fertilizer rates were split into six applications, every 60 d, for

2.000 plants ha-1. Forty g of boric acid, 60 g of zinc sulfate,

and 80 g of urea were applied at the vegetative stage in the

first cycle, using a mechanical backpack sprayer. Ten g of zinc

sulfate and 10 g of boric acid were applied to each banana

plant in the rhizome of removed suckers. In the second cycle,

3 g of copper sulfate (split into three applications) and 30 g

of magnesium sulfate were applied to each plant in the

rhizome of removed suckers (NOMURA et al., 2011). The

application of micronutrients in the first cycle was due to the

already high pH in the soil and the likely increase in pH from

the application of manure that may restrict the availability of

micronutrients (PADILHA JUNIOR et al., 2020).

Table 1. Chemical soil properties in blocks (B1, B2, and B3) before transplant, at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m.

Tabela 1. Propriedades químicas do solo em blocos (B1, B2 e B3) antes do transplante, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m.

..........................................Chemical composition..................................................................

Depth of soil layer pH¹ OM2 P3 K3 Na3 Ca4 Mg4 Al4 H+Al5 SB t T

m g kg-1 mg dm-3 ………………………........cmolc dm-3..................................

B1 0.0-0.2 7.2 12.0 463.7 439 0.1 4.3 1.8 0.0 0.8 7.4 7.4 8.1

B2 0.0-0.2 7.6 15.0 502.6 520 0.1 5.1 1.6 0.0 0.8 8.1 8.1 8.9

B3 0.0-0.2 7.5 10.0 438.7 520 0.1 4.3 1.6 0.0 0.8 7.4 7.4 8.1

B1 0.2-0.4 7.2 2.0 233.4 359 0.1 3.3 1.3 0.0 0.8 5.6 5.6 6.4

B2 0.2-0.4 7.4 2.0 294.3 439 0.1 3.9 1.0 0.0 0.8 6.2 6.2 6.9

B3 0.2-0.4 7.4 1.0 159.5 318 0.1 3.4 1.1 0.0 0.7 5.4 5.4 6.1

Depth of soil layer V m B6 Cu3 Fe3 Mn3 Zn3 Prem7 EC - - -

m % …...........mg dm-3.............................. mg L-1 ds m-1 - - -

B1 0.2-0.4 91 0 0.7 2.1 19.4 47.7 42.4 44.7 1.3 - - -

B2 0.2-0.4 91 0 1.2 2.0 18.0 46.7 51.8 43.3 1.5 - - -

B3 0.2-0.4 91 0 0.9 2.6 29.4 45.1 28.3 42.8 1.6 - - -

B1 0.2-0.4 88 0 1.0 1.1 25.6 28.3 9.5 43.8 1.1 - - -

B2 0.2-0.4 89 0 0.9 1.3 19.9 26.5 10.7 43.6 1.4 - - -

B3 0.2-0.4 89 0 1.1 1.2 35.0 28.4 6.0 39.3 1.3 - - -

1pH in water; 2colorimetry; 3Mehlich-1 extraction; 4KCl 1 mol L-1; 5pH SMP (Shoemaker-McLean-Pratt method); 6BaCl2 extractor;

7equilibrium solution of P; OM - organic matter; SB - sum-of-bases; t - effective cation exchange capacity; T - cation exchange capacity

at pH 7; V - base saturation; m - Aluminum saturation; Prem - remaining phosphorus; EC - electrical conductivity; mg dm-1 = ppm;

cmolc dm-3 = meq 100cm-3.

Leaves were sampled according to Rodrigues et al. (2010)

at 210, 390, 570, 750, 930, and 1,110 DAT that corresponded

to the flowering in the first cycle (225 DAT), harvest in the

first cycle (397 DAT), flowering in the second cycle (478

DAT), harvest in the second cycle (630 DAT), flowering in

the third cycle (770 DAT), harvest in the third cycle (912

DAT), and flowering in the fourth cycle (1,020 DAT),

respectively. Leaf samples were collected from the

measurement plants of each treatment replicate to represent

each experimental plot.

Levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S (g kg-1), B, Cu, Fe, Mn and

Zn (mg kg-1) in leaves were determined as follows: N by

sulfuric acid digestion (Kjeldahl method); P, K, S, Ca, Mg,

Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn by nitric-perchloric acid digestion, and B

by dry digestion. Nutrient levels were interpreted for

determining the crop’s nutritional status using the sufficiency

range technique (SILVA, 2015) for ‘Prata-Anã’ banana.

Weights of bunches and hands were determined over three

production cycles. In obtaining the mean yield was adjusted

to the actual yield by multiplying the effectively harvested

population (76%) by the initial planting density (2.000 plants

ha-1), as there were plant losses due to strong winds and

other treatment-unrelated factors.

Data were subjected to an analysis of variance. Significant

interactions were studied. For measurement periods, means

were grouped using the Scott-Knott criterion. For cultivars,

means were compared using the F-test. Interactions between

evaluation periods and potassium rates were subjected to

regression analysis and the interactions between evaluation

times and potassium doses in the respective cultivars were

analyzed by a response surface models. Main effects were

studied by testing the means and regression analysis. For

regressions, the goodness of fit was considered adequate,

based on the coefficients of determination and significant

regression parameters (t-test).

3. RESULTS

Interactions (P≤0.05) were observed between K2O rates

(kg ha-1 per year) (bovine manure and rock powder) and

evaluation periods for potassium (K) and sulfur (S) levels in

leaves of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana (Figure 1).

Interactions between K2O rate and cultivar were significant

for manganese (Mn) (Figure 2). Interactions between

cultivars and evaluation periods were also significant for K,

S, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) levels (Table 2). The

annual rates of K2O (kg ha-1) had an independent effect

(P≤0.05) on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and

Cu (Figure 3). Evaluation periods had an independent effect

(P≤0.05) on N, P, Ca, magnesium (Mg), boron (B), and

manganese (Mn) levels (Table 3). The yield weights of

bunches and hands fluctuated independently with evaluation

periods and K2O rates.

4. DISCUSSION

Using the response surface method, leaf K levels (Figure

1A) were fitted to K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year) and evaluation

periods (DAT). The levels of K increased with increasing

K2O rates and decreased with increasing DAT. Mean leaf K

levels ranged from 32.5 to 33.9 g kg-1, which is within the

sufficiency range for K (SILVA, 2015). For evaluation

periods, the highest mean was recorded at 390 DAT, which

was above 35.0 g kg-1.

Marques et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

K(Leaf)

= 36.229 − 0.01070(K)+ 0.0000006472(K)+ 0.006240(DAT)− 0.0000002455(KO) − 0.00000039484(DAT)

S(Leaf)

= 2.2179 + 0.001078(S)− 0.000000122(S)+ 0.00003695(DAT)− 0.0000000457(KO) − 0.00000002976(DAT)

Figure 1. Response surface models for mean leaf A) potassium and B) sulfur (g kg-1) levels in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana plants

as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year) supplied by bovine manure and rock powder and evaluation periods (DAT).

Figura 1. Modelos de superfície de resposta para níveis médios de folha A) de potássio e B) de enxofre (g kg-1) em bananeiras ‘Prata-Anã’ e

‘BRS Platina’ em função das doses de K2O (kg ha-1 por ano) fornecido por esterco bovino e pó de rocha e períodos de avaliação (DAT).

(𝑌

− 󰆒𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑎 − 𝐴𝑛ã′) = 80.11930 – 0.0875589**(K2O) + 0.000111088**(K2O)2, r2 = 0.75

(𝑌

−󰆒BRS Platina󰆒) = 78.88

Figure 2. Leaf Manganese levels (mg kg-1) in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana plants as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year)

supplied by bovine manure and rock powder. Significant at 5% and ** significant at 1% according to the t-test.

Figura 2. Níveis foliares de manganês (mg kg-1) em bananeiras ‘Prata-Anã’ e ‘BRS Platina’ em função das doses de K2O (kg ha-1 por ano)

fornecidas por esterco bovino e pó de rocha. Significativo a 5% e ** significativo a 1% de acordo com o teste t.

Table 2. Mean leaf levels of potassium (K), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ banana plants

as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year) supplied by bovine manure and rock powder at different evaluation periods (DAT).

Tabela 2. Teores foliares médios de potássio (K), enxofre (S), cobre (Cu), zinco (Zn) e ferro (Fe) em bananeiras 'Prata-Anã' e 'BRS Platina'

em função do K2O doses (kg ha-1 por ano) fornecidas por esterco bovino e pó de rocha nas diferentes épocas de avaliação (DAT).

Period K (g kg-1) S (g kg-1) Cu (mg kg-1) Zn (mg kg-1) Fe (mg kg-1)

‘Prata-

Anã’

‘BRS

Platina’

‘Prata-

Anã’

‘BRS

Platina’

‘Prata-

Anã’

‘BRS

Platina’

‘Prata-

Anã’

‘BRS

Platina’

‘Prata-

Anã’

‘BRS Platina’

210 32.8Ab 37.0Aa 2.2Cb 2.4Ca 10.59Aa 10.13Ba 20.18Ba 22.88Ba 70.20Aa 86.44Ba

390 34.1Ab 37.1Aa 2.8Ab 3.0Aa 10.03Ab 11.10Aa 25.18Ab 30.36Aa 135.58Aa 159.31Ba

570 33.3Aa 31.7Cb 2.6Ba 2.7Ba 8.10Ba 6.47Db 18.10Ba 16.13Da 87.12Aa 91.11Ba

750 30.7Bb 33.7Ba 2.1Ca 2.2Ca 6.04Ca 6.37Da 19.23Ba 18.61Ca 148.98Aa 166.55Ba

930 31.8Ba 33.2Ba 1.7Db 2.1Da 5.88Ca 4.95Eb 15.86Ca 14.52Da 64.52Aa 82.05Ba

1110 32.5Aa 33.3Ba 2.1Ca 2.0Da 7.40Ba 7.98Ca 20.12Bb 23.51Ba 81.97Ab 278.80Aa

CV (%) 5.81 10.03 16.23 20.51 112.48

DAT = days after transplant. Means followed by the same letters, lowercase in the lines for cultivars do not differ from one another according to the F test,

and uppercase in the columns for evaluation periods belong to the same grouping according to the Scott-Knott criterion at 5% probability. CV – coefficient

of variation.

Nutritional status and production of ‘Prata-Anã’ (AAB) and ‘BRS Platina’ (AAAB) banana plants with organic fertilization

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

𝑦



(

𝑁

𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑓

) = 29.24549 – 0.0028357**(K2O), r2 = 0.76

𝑦



(

𝑃

𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑓

) = 2.09667 – 0.0002875**(K2O), r2 = 0.93

𝑦



(

𝐶𝑎

𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑓

) = 7.11552 – 0.00554018*(K2O) +

0,000018944**(K2O)2 – 0.00000001640*(K2O)3, r2 = 0.73

𝑦



(

𝐶𝑢

𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑓

) = 7.281830 – 0.001606**(K2O), r2 = 0.78

Figure 3. Mean leaf levels of A) nitrogen, B) phosphorus, and C) calcium (g kg-1), and D) copper (mg kg-1) in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’

banana plants as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year) supplied by bovine manure and rock powder. *Significant at 5% and ** Significant

at 1% according to the t-test.

Figura 3. Níveis médios foliares de A) nitrogênio, B) fósforo e C) cálcio (g kg-1) e D) cobre (mg kg-1) em bananeiras ‘Prata-Anã’ e ‘BRS

Platina’ como em função das doses de K2O (kg ha-1 por ano) fornecidas por esterco bovino e pó de rocha. * Significativo a 5% e **

Significativo a 1% de acordo com o teste t.

Table 3. Mean leaf levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium (g kg-1), boron and manganese (mg kg-1) in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’ banana plants as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year) supplied by bovine manure and rock powder at different evaluation

periods (DAT).

Tabela 3. Níveis médios foliares de nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio, magnésio (g kg-1), boro e manganês (mg kg-1) nas bananeiras ‘Prata-Anã’ e

‘BRS Platina’ em função das doses de K2O (kg ha-1 por ano) fornecido por esterco bovino e pó de rocha em diferentes épocas de avaliação

(DAT).

Leaves levels Evaluation periods – days after transplant (DAT) CV (%)

210 390 570 750 930 1 110

g kg-1

mg kg

-1

31.8 B 36.0 A 29.5 C 27.4 D 27.4 D 29.9 C 6.21

P 2.2 B 2.5 A 2.2 B 2.0 C 1.9 C 2.2 B 8.65

Ca 5.1 D 9.5 A 5.8 C 6.3 C 5.8 C 8.1 B 17.92

Mg 3.5 C 6.7 A 4.4B 4.2B 3.9C 4.8B 24.10

B 13.73 D 22.58 C 28.12B 34.25A 23.03C 30.12B 27.77

Mn 64.07 C 100.30A 61.59 C 83.18 B 48.45 D 79.16 B 28.09

Means followed by the same letters belong to the same grouping according to the Scott-Knott criterion, at 5% probability. CV – coefficient of variation.

In the present study 50.68% (405 kg ha-1 per year) of K2O

was supplied by manure. Despite the low concentration of K

in animal-sourced organic fertilizers, the whole content of

this macronutrient is mineralized, thus it was released into the

soil as fast as mineral K fertilizer, while rock-based fertilizers

slowly release K into the soil. Using mineral fertilizers, Silva

et al. (2011), Silva et al. (2013), and Silva and Simão (2015)

report linear increases in leaf K level in ‘Prata-Anã’ banana as

a function of K2O rates over four cycles. However, Damatto

Junior et al. (2011a) report no effects of organic fertilizer

rates as high as 630.4 kg ha-1 per year on the leaf nutrient

content of ‘Prata-Anã’ banana over five production cycles.

The K level in leaves decreases from 210 to 750 DAT. Then,

it increases again up to 1,110 DAT. This is influenced by the

application of fertilizers, by the supply of K from the

decomposition of banana waste since 60 to 86% of the K

absorbs returns to the soil (HOFFMANN et al., 2010b),

favoring nutritional economy, plant water status regulation,

osmotic adjustment, and stress protection (MARSCHNER,

2012).

Leaf S levels were fitted to a quadratic surface response

model as a function of rates of K2O (kg ha-1 per year) and

DAT (Figure 1B). The levels increased with increasing rates

of K2O up to 570 DAT, followed by a decrease. Mean values

ranged from 2.2 to 2.3 and from 1.9 to 2.9 g kg-1 as a function

of K2O rates and DAT. For both responses, means were

above the sufficiency range for S (SILVA, 2015). The

increase in leaf S levels observed in this study is related to the

Marques et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

presence of S in manure. Each K2O rate provided 0, 77, 155,

232, and 310 kg ha-1 per year of S. Nutrient recycling is a

contributing factor as 85% of the S taken up by ‘Prata-Anã’

returns to the soil (HOFFMANN et al., 2010b).

Leaf Mn levels in ‘Prata-Anã’ banana were fitted to a

quadratic model as a function of K2O rates (kg ha-1 per year)

supplied by bovine manure and rock powder (Figure 2). The

model estimated a minimum leaf Mn level of 62.83 mg kg-1

at a rate of 394.81 kg ha-1 per year of K2O, and the maximum

leaf Mn level of 82.50 mg kg-1 at the K2O rates of 0 and 800

kg ha-1 per year. This shows an initial decrease followed by

an increase returning to the initial level. For ‘BRS Platina’, the

leaf Mn level response was not fitted to any model, averaging

78.88 mg kg-1. For both cultivars, Mn levels were deficient

(SILVA, 2015), but banana plants expressed no deficiency

symptoms.

Damatto Junior et al. (2011a) report no effect of organic

compost on leaf Mn levels of ‘Prata-Anã’. However, the

levels are within an adequate range and, for some rates,

toxicity symptoms are expressed by plants grown on a soil

with pH of 5.9. In this study, the decrease in Mn level might

have been due to the initial soil pH (Table 1), averaging 7.4

in the 0-20 cm layer. The soil pH is one of the main factors

affecting the availability of Mn++. Metallic cations such as

Mn, Zn, and Cu are more adsorbed to increased negative

charges on soil particles due to carboxylic and phenolic

compounds released from the breakdown of humic

substances contained in manure and banana trash

(PADILHA JÚNIOR et al., 2020). Nonetheless, the levels of

Mn increased from the rate of 394.81 kg ha-1 per year of K2O

since manure and rock powder are Mn sources.

Additionally, Mn is the most accumulated micronutrient

by bananas, although 90% of this nutrient is returned to the

soil by most banana cultivars (HOFFMANN et al., 2010a).

Table 3 shows that leaf Mn levels were higher at 390, 750,

and 1,110 DAT, corresponding to periods after the harvest

of the first, second, and third cycles, respectively, when there

was already a nutrient contribution from the breakdown of

banana litter. Regarding the constant supply of Mn via

fertilization and recycling, the Mn level was in a deficient

range, as pH increases with increasing manure rates and

irrigation water. These factors are considered to limit nutrient

absorption.

There were interactions between cultivars and evaluation

periods for K and S level in leaves of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’ banana plants. We observed two and four groupings

for ‘Prata-Anã’ and three and four groupings for ‘BRS

Platina’, respectively, according to the Scott-Knott criterion

(P≤0.05) (Table 2). The highest leaf K levels recorded in

‘Prata-Anã’ ranged between 32.5 and 34.1 g kg-1 at 210, 390,

570 and 1,110 DAT. The highest S level in ‘Prata-Anã’ was

2.8 g kg-1 at 390 DAT. In ‘BRS Platina’, the highest K levels

were 37.0 and 37.1 g kg-1 at 210 and 390 DAT, respectively.

The highest S level, 3.0 g kg-1, was recorded at 390 DAT.

Mean leaf K and S levels were either above or within their

respective sufficiency ranges.

Donato et al. (2010) report similar leaf K and S levels at

180 and 360 DAT under similar conditions. Damatto Junior

et al. (2006) also report K and S levels in ‘Prata-Anã’ at

flowering and harvest of the first cycle. Cultivars Prata-Anã

and BRS Platina differed from one another (P≤0.05) at 210,

390, 570 and 750 DAT for K and at 210, 390 and 930 DAT

for S. Cultivar BRS Platina showed greater K levels at every

evaluation period, except at 570 DAT (Table 2). Donato et

al. (2010) report higher K levels in ‘BRS Platina’ at 180 and

360 DAT. Borges et al. (2006) find lower values of K and S

in ‘Prata-Anã’ when compared to those in “Prata” banana

hybrids in the first cycle. This might be explained by Silva et

al. (2014), who verify a better performance of ‘BRS Platina’

seedlings compared to ‘Prata-Anã’, both grown without

macronutrient supply.

There were interactions between cultivars and evaluation

periods for the leaf micronutrient levels. Using the Scott-

Knott criterion (P≤0.05), we observed mean Cu levels split

into three and five groupings for ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’, respectively. Regarding Zn, there were three and

four groupings for ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’,

respectively. Means of leaf Fe levels formed two groupings

for ‘BRS Platina’ (Table 2). The highest mean Cu levels

recorded in ‘Prata-Anã’ were 10.59 and 10.03 mg kg-1 at 210

and 390 DAT. For Zn, the highest level was 25.18 mg kg-1 at

390 DAT. The highest Cu and Zn levels in ‘BRS Platina’ were

11.10 and 30.36 mg kg-1, respectively, both recorded at 390

DAT. For Fe, the highest value of 278.80 mg kg-1 was

recorded at 1,110 DAT in ‘BRS Platina’. These values are

within their respective sufficiency ranges. Damatto Junior et

al. (2006) observe lower mean leaf levels for Cu and Zn than

those in this research. Donato et al. (2010) report similar Zn

levels and lower Cu levels compared to those of the present

study. Fertilizations with Zn and Cu carried out on the

rhizome of suckers contributed to justify the leaf contents,

despite the high pH that favors the adsorption of these

nutrients in the soil.

There were differences between ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’ (P≤0.05) for leaf Cu, Zn, and Fe levels (Table 2).

Cultivar BRS Platina showed higher levels than ‘Prata-Anã’

for Cu and Zn at 390 DAT. Cultivar BRS Platina had higher

levels of Zn and Fe at 1,110 DAT, while ‘Prata-Anã’ had

higher levels of Cu at 570 and 930 DAT. Borges et al. (2006)

find lower values of Cu, Zn, and Fe in ‘Prata-Anã’ when

compared to “Prata” banana hybrids. Donato et al. (2010)

report higher Cu levels in ‘BRS Platina’ compared to ‘Prata-

Anã’ (360 DAT).

Increasing linear models were fitted to leaf N, P and Cu

levels of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’ as a function of rates

of K2O kg ha-1 per year supplied by bovine manure and rock

powder. A cubic model was fitted to the leaf Ca level

response to K2O rates (Figure 3). Leaf Ca levels were higher,

7.2 and 7.1 g kg-1, at the K2O rates of 0 and 400 kg ha-1

(Figure 3C), which were within the sufficiency range (SILVA,

2015).

Melo et al. (2014) report a decrease in the leaf Ca level

with increasing K2O rates; the values were in the deficiency

range and lower than those of this study. Banana plants are

sensitive to the imbalance between cations in the soil. The

ideal ratio of Ca to (K + Ca + Mg) ranges from 0.6 to 0.8

(SILVA, 2015). In this study, the initial ratio was 0.6 (Table

1). However, supplying K2O leads to a greater uptake of

monovalent cations over bivalent cations, even with an

increased Ca supply; this justifies the decreases in leaf Ca

levels at higher K2O rates. The K2O rates of 0, 200, 400, 600

and 800 kg ha-1 per year supplied 0, 228, 456, 685 and 913 kg

ha-1 of Ca, respectively. These Ca rates, 74.93% from rock

powder and 25.07% from manure, contributed to the

maintenance of leaf Ca level within its sufficiency level.

Furthermore, nutrient recycling plays an important role in

providing Ca to plants as about 72 to 95% of Ca taken up by

bananas returns to the soil (HOFFMANN et al., 2010b).

Nutritional status and production of ‘Prata-Anã’ (AAB) and ‘BRS Platina’ (AAAB) banana plants with organic fertilization

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 1, p. 60-68, 2022.

The model estimated an increment of 0.0028 g kg-1 of N

for each kg ha-1 of K2O added (Figure 3A). Increases in the

leaf N level were associated with its presence in manure. Leaf

N levels were above the sufficiency range at N rates of 525

and 700 kg ha-1. These levels are too high (SILVA, 2015),

which may lead to luxury consumption, i.e., nutrient level in

leaves increases above the sufficiency range without causing

either toxicity or significant changes in yield. Once again,

nutrient recycling is a contributing factor (HOFFMANN et

al., 2010b) with up to 83% of the N in ‘Prata-Anã’ being

released into the soil after harvest. Damatto Junior et al.

(2011a) apply 0, 157.6, 315.2, 464.8, and 630.4 kg ha-1 per year

of K2O to ‘Prata-Anã’ over five cycles, using organic

compost and found a mean leaf N level of 25.0 g kg-1 that is

lower than the values of this study.

The model estimates an increment of 0.000287 g kg-1 of

P for each kg ha-1 of K2O added (Figure 3B). Leaf P levels

increased with increasing rates above its sufficiency range.

This was associated with the P contained in manure and rock

powder. Of the K2O rate of 800 kg ha-1, 1,603 kg ha-1 of P2O5

was supplied, 91.8% of which come from manure. Silva and

Rodrigues (2013) observe a linear increase of soil P levels

from 4.6 mg dm-3 to 140 mg dm-3 by applying 300 kg ha-1 of

P2O5 to ‘Prata-Anã’ over four cycles. Unlike our results, the

application of P had no influence on the leaf nutrient level,

remaining at 1.6 g kg-1, within the sufficiency range. These

authors concluded that ‘Prata-Anã’ responds to soil P

application only in the first cycle, even under reduced P

supply.

Furthermore, the high soil P level, 468.33 mg dm-3 (Table

1) allows providing values above the sufficiency range even

without fertilizer applications. Just as for N, this may cause

luxury consumption. Applying manure and other organic

sources to the soil reduces phosphorus adsorption and

increases available P levels and P mobility in the soil

(PADILHA JÚNIOR et al., 2020). Nutrient recycling also

contributes (HOFFMANN et al., 2010b), as about 78% of

the P found in ‘Prata-Anã’ plants is released into the soil.

The model estimated an increase of 0.0016 mg kg-1 of Cu

for each kg ha-1 of K2O added (Figure 3D). These increases

in leaf Cu level that remained within its sufficiency range were

associated with the Cu contained in manure and rock

powder. Copper sulfate was also applied to suckers in the

second cycle with the aim of avoiding possible Cu

deficiencies induced by high soil pH and organic matter

adsorption, common to metallic cations (MARSCHNER,

2012). Applications of Zn and Cu to rhizomes of suckers that

were later removed might explain these leaf micronutrient

levels, despite the high soil pH favoring the uptake of these

micronutrients. Hoffmann et al. (2010a) report that up to

82% of Cu taken up by ‘Prata-Anã’ can be recycled. Donato

et al. (2010) obtain similar Cu levels in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’ banana plants by applying Cu via the rhizomes.

Damatto Junior et al. (2011a) report no differences in leaf Cu

levels in bananas fertilized with organic compost.

Mean leaf levels of N, P, Ca, and Mg in “Prata” banana

plants were different across evaluation periods, forming four

groupings for N and Ca, and three groupings for P and Mg

(P≤0.05) (Table 3). The levels above the respective

sufficiency range occurred at 390 DAT. High initial soil levels

of P, Ca and Mg coupled with fertilizer application supplying

high amounts of N and P led to luxury consumption until

390 DAT.

Mean leaf levels of B and Mn in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS

Platina’ banana plants were separated into four groups

according to the Scott-Knott criterion (P≤0.05) (Table 3).

The highest B level of 34.25 mg kg-1 was recorded at 750

DAT and the highest Mn level of 100.30 mg kg-1 was

recorded at 390 DAT.

The levels reported herein are above the sufficiency range

for B and deficient for Mn. Donato et al. (2010) and Borges

et al. (2006) find higher levels of B and Mn. The higher leaf

B level at 750 DAT is due to the constant B fertilizer

application via rhizome every 60 d.

The mean yield of hands and bunches independently

increased (P≤0.05) in “Prata” banana plants across cycles.

The third cycle was the most productive with mean values of

39.23 t ha-1 for bunch weight and 35.48 t ha-1 for hand weight.

As reported in the methodology, the mean yield was adjusted

to the actual yield by multiplying the effectively harvested

population (76%) by the initial planting density (2.000 plants

ha-1), as there were plant losses due to strong winds and other

treatment-unrelated factors.

Donato et al. (2015) argue that well-managed banana

plantations growing on improved soil conditions have yields

higher than 40 t ha-1 per year (high productivity>32 t ha-1 per

year). Silva and Simão (2015) report a similar bunch weight,

but a lower yield per unit area owing to a lower planting

density, 1.235 plants ha-1. Damatto Junior et al. (2011b),

working with organic fertilization, report an increase in

bunch weight from the first to the second cycle, but bunch

weight decreases in the third cycle due to soil nutrient

depletion. Despite this, the greatest contribution of organic

fertilizers to banana crops cultivation in soils with improved

fertility is the maintenance the physical and biological

attributes of the soil, that is, favoring soil health and

productive sustainability.

5. CONCLUSIONS

K and S levels in leaves of “Prata” banana plants

increased with increasing K2O rates supplied by manure and

rock powder in interaction with the evaluation periods.

Levels of N, P and Cu increased independently with

increasing K2O rates.

High soil fertility coupled with manure and rock powder

application were insufficient to maintain the leaf Mn levels

within the sufficiency range in ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’

banana plants.

Applying manure and rock powder as organic fertilizers

did not increase the yield of ‘Prata-Anã’ and ‘BRS Platina’

banana plants grown on soils with improved fertility during

four production cycles.

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank Embrapa Cassava and

Fruits, IF Baiano - campus Guanambi and Epamig - Norte

for their support in the development of the research, and

Terra Produtiva Mineradora Ltda (Naturalplus®) for the

supply of the rock powder.

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