Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v10i2.12638 ISSN: 2318-7670

Habitats characterization in the Taratibu,

Quirimbas National Park-PNQ, Ancuabe District, Mozambique

Golden Benedito JOAQUIM1*; Eduardo FERREIRA2; Marcelino I. CARAVELA1

1;2*Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lúrio University, Pemba, Mozambique.

2Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.

*E-mail: goldendeagnes@gmail.com

ORCID: (0000-0002-3937-5825; 0000-0003-0497-6118; 0000-0002-3555-4981)

Recebido em 20/06/2021; Aceito em 06/06/2022; Publicado em 18/07/2022.

ABSTRACT: Taratibu was recently declared as a key biodiversity area (KBA) and knowledge on its habitats is

very important for the conservation of this area. The present study aimed to identify and describe the main

habitats from Taratibu, in PNQ, in order to improve knowledge on its characteristics. For this, techniques of

transect, point-square and point-quadrant were used for the vegetation survey and the abiotic parameters of

each habitat were determined. Five habitats were described: closed seasonal riparian habitat of Siphonochilus and

Rawsonia, with dominance of Rawsonia lucida, whose IVI was 14%, humid soil, maximum temperatures of 26º

C and with 89% canopy cover; semi-closed deciduous forest habitat of Bamboo and Milletia, with dominance

of the Milletia stuhlmannii species, whose IVI was 42%, humid soil, maximum temperatures of 28º C and with

73% canopy cover; open mountain habitat, vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg, with dominance of the Xerophyta

argentea species, whose IVI was 38%, reasonable and dry soil, maximum temperatures of 30ºC and with 0% of

tree canopy cover; semi-open Miombo deciduous forest habitat, with dominance of the Julbernadia globiflora

species, whose IVI was 18%, dry soil, maximum temperatures of 28ºC and with 36% canopy cover; and closed

Pouteria rain forest habitat, dominated by the Pouteria pseudoracemosa species, whose IVI was 30%, wet soil,

maximum temperatures of 28ºC and with 88% canopy cover.

Keywords: vegetation; parameters; temperature; soil; luminosity.

Caracterização de habitats na concessão de Taratibu,

Parque Nacional das Quirimbas-PNQ, Distrito de Ancuabe, Moçambique

RESUMO: Taratibu foi declarado recentemente com uma área chave de biodiversidade (KBA) e o

conhecimento dos seus habitats é de extrema importância para a sua conservação. O presente estudo teve como

objetivo descrever os principais habitats existente em Taratibu-PNQ, com vista a conhecer as suas caraterísticas.

Para tal foram utilizadas, técnicas de transeto, ponto-quadrante e quadrados pontuais para o levantamento da

vegetação e foram determinados os parâmetros abióticos de cada habitat. Foram descritos 5 habitats,

designadamente: habitat fechado ribeirinho sazonal de Siphonochilus e Rawsonia, com dominância da espécie

Rawsonia lucida, cujo IVI foi de 14%, solo húmido, temperaturas máximas de 26º C e com 89% de cobertura de

dossel; habitat semi-fechado de floresta caduca de Bambu e Milletia, com dominância da espécie Milletia

stuhlmannii, cujo IVI foi de 42%, solo húmido, temperaturas máximas de 28º C e com 73% de cobertura de

dossel; habitat aberto de montanha, vellozio-euphorbiaceae- Inselberg, com dominância da espécie Xerophyta

argentea, cujo IVI foi de 38%, solo razo e seco, temperaturas máximas de 30ºC e com 0% de cobertura de dossel

arboreo; habitat de floresta caduca semi-aberta de Miombo, com dominância da espécie Julbernadia globiflora,

cujo IVI foi de 18%, solos seco, temperaturas máximas de 28ºC e com 36% de cobertura de dossel e habitat

fechado de floresta Pluvial de Pouteria, dominado pela espécie Pouteria pseudoracemosa, cujo IVI foi de 30%, solo

húmido, temperaturas máximas de 28ºC e com 88% de cobertura de dossel.

Palavras-chave: vegetação; parâmetros; temperatura; solo; luminosidade.

1. INTRODUCTION

Mozambique is a country rich in biological diversity

(OLSON et al., 2001), comprising a wide diversity of

terrestrial, marine, coastal and aquatic ecosystems. These

ecosystems contain habitats that support a great species

diversity (MICOA, 2009). It is also one of the few countries

in the Southern African region that has a considerable area of

native forest, and it is estimated that approximately 40 million

hectares (ha) or 51% of the land area of Mozambique is

covered by native forests, mainly Miombo woodlands which

are the most predominant in Cabo Delgado Province

(MARZOLI, 2007).

According to AMABIS; MARTHOS (2004) define

habitats as being the environment occupied by a given species

or community (plants, animals, and other organisms),

characterized by their physical and biotic properties.

These play a very important role for the conservation of

biological and genetic diversity and for the preservation of

evolutionary processes, as well as space and shelter for animal

and plant species contributing to their maintenance (DE

GROOT et al., 2002). Habitat loss and fragmentation due the

human activities are the greatest threats to biological diversity

(PINEDA; HALFFTER, 2004; FISCHER et al., 2005).

These factors frequently interrupt dispersal between

Habitats characterization in the Taratibu, Quirimbas National Park-PNQ, Ancuabe District, Mozambique

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

260

favorable habitats, destabilizing the metapopulations

(PRIMACK; RODRIGUES, 2001).

The region of Taratibu was recently declared as a key

biodiversity area (WCS et al., 2021) and presents a variety of

habitats. These face major problems due to the growing trend

of alterations caused by recent human activities in the

perimeter of the conservation area, originating in the buffer

zone, such as fragmentation due to agriculture, the

occupation of land for housing and exploitation of

construction material and wood commercialization, which

puts at risk the biodiversity of the same area.

A second motivation for this study pertains to the lack of

information on habitats and vegetation available to

researchers in the areas of herpetofauna, entomofauna and

mastofauna in Cabo Delgado province, concerning the need

to characterize the habitats where these groups of animals

live.

The characterisation of the structure of a habitat allows

correct programming of silvicultural activities, better

technical and economic management of habitats, thus

facilitating rational and sustained use (HOSOKAWA, 1986).

Also, habitat surveys, are important tools for the knowledge

of biodiversity, as support to establish conservation priorities

and the preservation of natural environments, through the

evaluation of endemic, rare and endangered species, as well

as species of ecological importance. In this context, the

present study will allow future studies to be developed within

the perimeter of the habitats studied here, and that is why the

main aim of this study was to describe the main habitats

existing in Taratibu-PNQ.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

2.1. Study area

The study was carried out in the Taratibu region located

in the Quirimbas National Park, Ancuabe district, which is

situated to the South of Cabo Delgado Province, Northern

Mozambique, situated between the 12º50ˈS and 12º38ˈS

South latitudes, and 39º32ˈE and 39º58ˈE East longitudes.

The region is characterized by a dry semi-arid and sub-

humid climate, with an average annual rainfall between 800

and 1200mm, distributed from October to March. The

average annual temperature ranges from 20 to 25º C (MAE,

2014).

2.2. Sampling Procedure

Five areas consisting of different vegetation formations

were selected, according to the previous reconnaissance

carried out in the study area, for the identification of plant

species, characterization of vegetation and abiotic parameters

(temperature, soil moisture and light), in order to ensure a

representative sample for habitat classification.

2.3. Characterization of the vegetation occurring in each

habitat

The characterization of the vegetation, it was based on

the floristic and physiognomic survey in different vegetation

formation type. Flora was characterized identifying plant

species present in each vegetation type formation. The

frequency and abundance were estimated (Table 1) as well as

the physiognomic composition, based on the general external

appearance (structure and dominance) of the vegetation and

determined through the visual approach (RIZZINI, 1979)

and was characterized by the observation of its vertical

stratification (BARBOSA, 2006).

The characterization was based on transects established

within each vegetation formation type (GOLDSMITH et al.,

1986; RICHARDS, 1996).

Table 1. Phytosociological parameters used in the habitats of

Taratibu, PNQ.

Tabela 1. Parâmetros fitossociológicos utilizados nos habitats de

Taratibu, PNQ.

Parameter

Formule

Average area

∑



Absolute density



(



)



Relative density





100

(

)

Basal área

ABi



Dominance

DoA

ABmi

Relative dominance

DoR

∑





100

Absolute frequency





100

Relative frequency



∑



100

Importance value

DRi

FRi

DoRi

Notes: N- number of individuals of each species; AD- absolute density; RD-

relative density; AoD- absolute dominance; RR- relative dominance; AF-

absolute frequency; RF- relative frequency; IVI- importance value index;

ABi- basal area of the species; D- diameter in meters; π-3. 1416; ABmi-

average basal area per species; ni- number of trees per species; ABi- total

basal area of a given species; ABT- total basal area of all individuals of all

sampled species; pi- number of points that a given species i occurs; P- total

number of samples (points); FAi- absolute frequency of a given species;

∑FA- absolute frequency of all species.

For the quantification of tree and shrub species, the

techniques of Transect and Point-square (Figure 1) were

used. Four transects of 50 meters (m) length each, separated

from each other by 10 m distance, were sampled. In each

transect, six quadrants of 4 m2 were placed, 8 m apart from

each other. In each quadrant four sections were determined,

marking and identifying the individual (with diameter ≥ 5 cm)

closest to the central point that met the inclusion criteria and

then recording its distance to the central point of the

quadrant, as well as its diameter. Thus, in each sampling unit,

four trees or shrubs were sampled (MARTINS, 1993).

Figure 1. Technical sketch of the distribution of transects and

quadrants for tree and shrub species (JOAQUIM, 2019).

Figura 1. Esboço técnico da distribuição dos transectos e quadrantes

para as espécies arbóreas e arbustivas (JOAQUIM, 2019).

In the same transects, at 10 meters, the herbaceous

vegetation was sampled using the technique of point squares

(BARBOUR et al., 1987) (Figure 2). Every 20 cm along the

transect, the presence of the species touched by a 1-meter

stick placed vertically was recorded.

Joaquim et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

261

Figure 2. Technical sketch for the herbaceous species. Source:

(JOÃO, 2019).

Figura 2. Esboço técnico para as espécies herbáceas. Fonte: (JOÃO,

2019).

2.4. Characterization of abiotic parameters, (luminosity,

soil moisture and temperature).

Luminosity

Along the transects established within the habitats, every

5m, at breast height, the luminosity was estimated using A4

paper and considering four percentage intervals, as follows:

(i) 25% when one quarter of the area of the paper was

illuminated, (ii) 50% if the illumination covered about one

half of the area of the paper, (iii) 75% equivalent to three

quarters of the illuminated area of the paper and, finally, (iv)

if the paper was fully illuminated, luminosity was 100%. The

arithmetic means of the percentages of the illuminated areas

of all the papers sampled per habitat was then taken to obtain

the mean of the overall luminosity for each habitat.

The sampling of the luminosity rates per habitat took

place at 8 am, 12 am and 3 pm during the wet season in order

to sample various angles of light radiation in each habitat.

This way, inference was made from the luminosity data, the

level of canopy cover using the following formula:

% = At – Ami (01)

where: %- percentage of cover; At- total area of the paper; Ami-

average illuminated area.

And it was considered the criteria of the table below to

determine more open or closed habitat.

Table 2. Canopy cover determination.

Tabela 2. Determinação da cobertura de dossel.

Percentage of coverage

Habitat canopy cover

25%

Open

50%

Semi

open

75%

Semi

closed

100%

Closed

Moisture

For the determination of the soil moisture gradient, a

classification was made according to direct observation in the

field on the presence or absence of water, along the soil

surface throughout the sampling period, thus defining three

types of gradients: dry, wet and waterlogged (STALMANS;

BEILFUSS, 2008).

Temperature

The temperature of each habitat was also determined,

during the morning, afternoon, and evening periods. Then,

an arithmetic means of the temperatures obtained in all

periods was made in order to obtain the average daily

temperatures. For this, the following formula was used:

𝑇

=∑



(02)

where: 𝑇

- average temperature; T- temperature

(maximum/minimum of all periods); n- number of sampling

periods. This was recorded using a Thermometer.

2.5. Mapping of the main habitats existing in the

Taratibu Concession

The mapping of habitats was conducted through the

capture of geographic points, using the Global Positioning

System (GPS). Then the points were imported into Google

Earth, where the polygons were delimeted according to the

differences in habitat coverage and the polygons were

downloaded in Kml format and imported into the geographic

information system QGIS 2.18.12, thus creating a digital map

(Figure 18).

2.6. Habitat classification of Taratibu.

Habitat classification was based on the abiotic

characteristics, such as: luminosity, soil moisture and

temperature, as well as biotic characteristics, floristic

composition and the physiognomy of the vegetation itself

based on the results obtained in points 2.3 and 2.4. After the

word habitat, the habitat names were associated with the

characteristics of the canopy, the configurative environment,

the effect of the seasons on vegetation and the dominant tree

and grass species.

2.7. Data Analysis

Data analysis was conducted using Microsoft Office

Excel 2016, for producing graphs and the calculating the

phytosociological parameters.

We estimated the absolute and relative values of density,

frequency, and dominance as well as the value of importance

(VI) of the species for the tree and shrub strata. Also, the

absolute and relative frequencies for the herbaceous strata

(MULLER-DOMBOIS; ELLEMBERG, 1974) were

calculated in a particular way by the equations described in

the methodology (Table 1).

3. RESULTS

A total of five (5) habitats were classified and described

for the different vegetation formations type present in the

Taratibu Concession, namely, Closed Seasonal Riverine

Habitat Siphonochilus and Rowsonia (HFRSR), Semi-enclosed

Bamboo and Milletia Deciduous Forest Habitat (HSFCBM),

Open Mountain Habitat, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae - Inselberg

(HAMVE), Semi-open Miombo deciduous forest habitat

(HSAFCM) E and Closed Rain Forest Pouteria Habitat

(HFFPP).

4.1. Closed Seasonal Riverine Habitat

Siphonochilus

and

Rowsonia

(HFRSR)

Location and characterization: located at coordinates S

12º 48'32'', E 39º 41'42'' with an elevation of 325 metres (m)

with a predominance of loose rocks and temporary or

periodic water courses during the wet season.

The habitat presents a forest physiognomy, with a

dominance of the tree and shrub strata and an almost absent

herbaceous stratum due to the greater coverage of the upper

stratum. The trees have non-succulent, leathery and

evergreen leaves (almost always green).

This habitat has a closed canopy with 89% coverage,

average daily temperatures vary from 26.8º C maximum and

25.7º C minimum and periodically flooded soil. It remains

with water throughout the rainy season and dries out

completely in the dry season (Figure 3).

As for the floristic component, the tree stratum is

dominated by the species Rawsonia lucida, Ancylobotrys petersiana

Habitats characterization in the Taratibu, Quirimbas National Park-PNQ, Ancuabe District, Mozambique

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

262

(Klotzsch) Pierre and Pseudobersama mossambicensis (Sim)

Verdc. with the respective relative frequencies (Figure 4).

Figure 3. Seasonal closed stream habitat Siphonochilus and Rowsonia.

Source (CARAVELA, 2018).

Figura 3. Habitat fechado Ribeirinho sazonal Siphonochilus e Rowsonia

(CARAVELA, 2018).

Figure 4. Tree stratum species with the highest relative frequency in

the closed seasonal stream habitat Siphonochilus and Rowsonia.

Figura 4. Espécies do estrato arbóreo com maior frequência relativa

do habitat fechado ribeirinho sazonal Siphonochilus e Rowsonia.

The herbaceous stratum is dominated by leafy coriaceous

plants of the Zingiberaceae family, most notably the species

Siphonochilus sp. with a relative frequency of (67%) followed

by Cissus sp of the Vitaceae family with (22%).

The density of individuals of the HFRSR was 51.34

ind./m2, being Rawsonia lucida Harv & Sond the species that

presented the highest number of individuals and the highest

value of importance with 14% (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Tree stratum species with the highest Importance Index

(IVI) in the closed seasonal riparian habitat Siphonochilus and

Rowsonia.

Figura 5. Espécies do estrato arbóreo com maior índice de

importância (IVI) do habitat fechado Ribeirinho sazonal

Siphonochilus e Rowsonia.

4.2. Semi-enclosed Bamboo and

Milletia

Deciduous

Forest Habitat (HSFFCBM)

Location and description: it is located adjacent to the

Riverine habitat, at an elevation of 320 m at latitudes S 12º

48'29.6'' and longitude E 39º 41'40.4'' in Taratibu. It is a

habitat with a semi-closed canopy, with approximately 73%

coverage, with average daily temperatures of 28º C maximum

and 27º C minimum, with a predominance of humid soil.

The habitat presents a physiognomy of deciduous forest

in the dry season, whose herbaceous stratum presents a

denser vegetation and with a considerable scarcity of trees.

The lower stratum is also covered by plants of the

Zingiberaceae and Dioscoreaceae family.

The Dioscoreaceae appear in the adult state in the form

of scandering phanerophytes with support in the bamboo

species (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Semi-enclosed deciduous forest habitat of Bamboo and

Milletia. Source: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Figura 6. Habitat semi-fechado de floresta caduca de Bambu e

Milletia. Fonte: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Floristically, the tree stratum is dominated by the species

Milletia stuhlmannii, followed by Xilotheca tettensis, Bridelia spp.

and Combretum apiculatum with the respective relative

frequencies (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Tree stratum species of highest relative frequency in the

semi-enclosed habitat of Bamboo and Milletia deciduous forest.

Figura 7. Espécies do estrato arbóreo de maior frequência relativa

do habitat semi-fechado de floresta caduca de Bambu e Milletia.

In its herbaceous stratum there is a greater occurrence of

the Poaceae family plants, especially Oxytenanthera abyssinica

(A. Rich) Munro. with a relative frequency of 53%, followed

by Siphonochilus spp of the Zingiberaceae family (35%),

Dioscorea dumetorum of the Dioscoreaceae family (10%) and

Cyphostemma simulans of the Vitaceae family with (2%).

The density of individuals of the HSFCBM was 0.192

ind./m2, Milletia stuhlmannii being the species that presented

the greatest number of individuals and the most important

with 42% (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Tree stratum species with the highest Importance Index

(IVI) in the semi-enclosed habitat of the Bamboo and Milletia

deciduous forest.

14%

10%

53%

Relative frequency

Rawsonia lucida

Ancylobotrys petersiana

Pseudobersama

mossambicensis

Cola mossambicensis

14%

10%

11%

48%

IVI

Rawsonia lucida

Ancylobotrys petersiana

Myrtaceae

Cola mossambicensis

Glyphaea tomentosa

athers

50%

22%

14%

14% Relative frequency

Milletia stuhlmannii

Xilotheca tettensis

Combretum apiculatum

Bridelia duvigneaudii

42%

18%

20%

IVI

Milletia stuhlmannii

Xilotheca tettensis

Combretum apiculatum

Bridelia duvigneaudii

Joaquim et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

263

Figura 8. Espécies do estrato arbóreo com maior índice de

importância (IVI) do habitat semi-fechado de floresta caduca de

Bambu e Milletia.

4.3. Open Mountain Habitat, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-

Inselberg (HAMVE)

Location and description: this habitat is located at the

geographical coordinates S12º49'10.5'', E 39º41'37.9'' with an

elevation of 571 m.

It presents vegetation formed by xerophytic plants,

whose most outstanding functional features are succulence,

thorns and aromatic oils. It is grouped and thickened in the

slopes rock with the reduced cover tree.

The herbaceous and shrub stratum is predominant, with

cormophytic and fissure plants. However, some trees of the

Ficus and Brachystegia genus grow naturally along the mountain

slopes.

It is an habitat without canopy, that is to say, with 0%

cover due to the scarcity of trees along the mountain tops.

Average daily temperatures vary between a maximum of 30º

C and a minimum of 28º C and there is a predominance of

dry soil with a substrate formed by granite bedrock, with

cracks and depressions where there is a reduced amount of

soil and water that serve as places where most of the

vegetation grows. It is possible to identify small, isolated peat

bogs, poor in specific plant richness. Exposed rocks covered

by lichens and ferns are also found. However, the soils have

low water retention capacity as they are shallow soils (Figure

9).

Figure 9. Mountain open habitat, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg.

Source: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Figura 9. Habitat aberto de Montanha, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-

Inselberg. Fonte: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Floristically, the habitat is characterized by sheltering

species of the Velloziaceae family with the species Xerophyta

argentea standing out, followed by Euphorbia unicornis,

Euphorbia tirucalli, Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. and

Strophanthus hypoleucos in its shrub layer, with the respective

relative frequencies (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Tree stratum species of highest relative frequency in the

open mountain habitat, vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg.

Figura 10. Espécies do estrato arbóreo de maior frequência relativa

do habitat aberto de montanha, vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg.

In the herbaceous stratum, species of the Asphodelaceae

family occur with greater dominance, especially the species

Aloe chabaudii with a relative frequency of 40%, followed by

Selaginella caffrorum of the Selaginellaceae family with 29%,

Cheilanthes inaequalis (Kunze) of Sinopteridaceae family (19%),

Cyphostemma montanum and Cyphostemma simulans both of

Vitaceae family with (6%) and (4%) respectively and Hibiscus

surattensis of Malvaceae family with (2%).

The density of individuals in the HAMVE was 0.317

ind./m2, Xerophyta argentea being the species that showed the

highest number of individuals and the most important with

38% (Figure 11).

Figure 11. Tree stratum species with the highest importance index

of the open mountain habitat, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg.

Figura 11. Espécies do estrato arbóreo de maior índice de

importância do habitat aberto de montanha, Vellozio-

euphorbiaceae-Inselberg.

4.4. Semi-open Miombo deciduous forest habitat

(HSAFCM)

Location and description: this habitat is located at the

geographical coordinates: S12˚49'29'', E39˚41'53'' Altitude:

320m.

The habitat has a forest physiognomy, with a dominance

of the trees and herbaceous stratum. There are also few

shrubs and there is an absence of lianas and epiphytes;

however, there are some climbing plants of the

Convolvulaceae and Asparagaceae family. The trees are

somewhat close to one another and in the dry season have

deciduous leaves. This habitat presents a semi-open canopy

with 36% coverage. In addition, it has average daily

temperatures ranging from a maximum of 29º C to a

minimum of 27º C and dry soil (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Semi-open habitat of the Miombo deciduous forest.

Source: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Figura 12. Habitat semi-aberto de floresta caduca de Miombo.

Source: (CARAVELA, 2018).

Floristically, the tree stratum is characterized by plant

species with greater dominance of the Fabaceae family,

especially the Julbernadia globiflora, followed by the

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Brachystegia speciform, and Combretum

apiculatum species with the respective relative frequencies

(Figure 13).

12%

50%

24%

9% 5% Relative frequency

Euphorbia tirucali

Xerophyta argentea

Euphorbia unicornis

Myrothamnus flabellifolius

Strophanthus hypoleucos

23%

38%

15%

19%

IVI

Euphorbia tirucali

Xerophyta argentea

Euphorbia unicornis

Myrothamnus flabellifolius

Strophanthus hypoleucos

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Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

264

Figure 13. Species of highest relative frequency in the semi-open

deciduous forest habitat of Miombo.

Figura 15. Espécies de maior frequência relativa no habitat semi-

aberto de floresta caduca de Miombo.

In the herbaceous stratum, the Poaceae family was more

dominant, especially the species Digitaria sp. with a relative

frequency of 85%, followed by Cyphostemma simulans (6%),

Asparagus africanus (2%) and Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn)

Raf.com (1%).

The density of individuals of the HSAFCM was 0.122

ind./m2, with Julbernadia globiflora being the species that

presented the greatest number of individuals and the most

important with 18% (Figure 14).

Figure 14. Species with the highest importance value index in the

semi-open deciduous forest habitat of Miombo.

Figura 14. Espécies de maior índice de valor de importância no

habitat semi-aberto de floresta caduca de Miombo.

4.5. Closed Rain Forest

Pouteria

Habitat (HFFPP)

Location and description: located at the geographical

coordinates S 12º 49'20'', E 39º, 41'90'', at an altitude of

401m.

Habitat characterized by a closed canopy with

approximately 88% coverage, average daily temperatures

ranging from a maximum of 28º C to a minimum of 26º C,

with humid soil and no dry season.

It presents a forest physiognomy, with a dominance of

the tree stratum and almost absent the herbaceous stratum,

due to the densification of tall trees, with a greater reduction

in the amount of light in the lower stratum, which makes the

environment darker. There are lianas, perennial vegetation,

coriaceous plants, and no succulent plants (Figure 15).

Floristically, the tree stratum is dominated by the species

Pouteria pseudoracemosa, Rawsonia lucida Harv & Sond,

Englerophytum natalense and Rinorea arbórea (Thouars) Baill with

the respective relative frequencies (Figure 16).

In the herbaceous stratum, the species Anchomanes

abbreviatus of the Araceae family was sparsely recorded with

(100%) relative frequency.

The density of individuals of the HFFPP was 0.312

ind./m2, with the Pouteria pseudoracemosa species showing the

highest number of individuals and the most important at this

site with 32% of IVI (Figure 17).

Figure 15. Closed Rain Forest habitat Pouteria. Source:

(CARAVELA, 2018).

Figura 17: Habitat fechado de Floresta Pluvial Pouteria. Source:

(CARAVELA, 2018).

Figure 16. Tree stratum species of highest relative frequency in the

closed habitat of Pouteria rain forest.

Figura 16. Espécies do estrato arbóreo de maior frequência relativa

no habitat fechado de floresta Pluvial Pouteria.

Figure 17. Tree stratum species of highest importance value index

in the closed Pouteria Rainforest habitat.

Figura 17. Espécies do estrato arbóreo de maior índice de valor de

importância no habitat fechado de Floresta Pluvial Pouteria.

4.6. Mapping of the main habitats within the Taratibu

Concession

The five characterized habitats were mapped, closed

seasonal riparian habitat-Siphonochilus and Rowsonia, semi-

closed Bamboo and Milletia deciduous forest habitat, open

mountain habitat Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg, semi-

open Miombo deciduous forest habitat and closed rain forest

habitat Pouteria (Figure 18).

Figure 18. The main habitats mapped in the Taratibu Concession.

22%

17%

36%

Relative frequency

Julbernadia globiflora

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon

Brachystegia speciform

Combretum apiculatum

Combretum zeyheri

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa

athers

18%

13%

10%

34%

IVI

Julbernadia globiflora

Diplorhynchus condylocarpon

Brachystegia speciform

Combretum apiculatum

Combretum zeyheri

Sterculia quinqueloba

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa

athers

34%

16%

11%

23%

Relative frequency

Pouteria pseudoracemosa

Rawsonia lucida

Englerophytum natalense

Rinorea arbórea

32%

10%

16%

36%

IVI

Pouteria pseudoracemosa

Rawsonia lucida

Englerophytum natalense

Rinorea arbórea

athers

Joaquim et al.

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

265

Besides illustrating the habitats, mapping it allowed to

show the distribution and occurrence of vegetation of the

same habitats. These show a variation of vegetation and

environmental factors such as temperature, light, and soil

moisture.

4. DISCUSSION

5.1. Seasonal closed Habitat

Siphonochilus

and

Rowsonia

The species that presented the highest dominance and

importance value at this site was Rawsonia lucida. Species of

the Achariaceae family, present a pantropical distribution

(MARQUETE et al., 2015). This result differs from what was

observed in the study by (BANDEIRA et al., 2008) in the

gallery forests in Quirimbas National Park, that revealed the

species Albizia gumifera and Adansonia digitata. It also differed

from the study done by the Ministry for the Coordination of

Environmental Action (MICOA, 2003), in a riverine forest in

Quiterajo Administrative Post-PNQ, where the species of

the genus Albizia sp. and Adansonia digitata were also recorded

with greater dominance.

The observation of these species is likely a result of its

large size and aspect, rather than a phytosociological

dominance properly. This difference may also be related to

the aerial method utilized by (MICOA, 2003), which

visualized only the physiognomic aspect of the landscape.

According to SANQUETTA et al., (2014), this method,

despite covering a larger sampling area, not always all of it is

evaluated in the inventories. And the detection of trees is

limited due to the presence of suppressed trees, which cannot

be observed because they are not visible on the surface

(DURRIEU, 2015).

In the herbaceous stratum of this habitat dominates the

species Siphonochilus spp. This result differs from the study of

BANDEIRA et al. (2008), where it was recorded with greater

dominance the species Achyranthes aspera, Panicum maximum,

Cucumis rehmannii, it is also observed differences with the

riparian forest habitat of the Marromeu National Reserve.

(RNM, 2016), in which the species Setaria sp. dominates.

Siphonochilus spp. belong to the Zingiberaceae family, and

species of this family can grow in shaded or semi-shaded and

humid habitats, as well as on riverbanks (WOOD, 1995).

These environmental characteristics are also recorded in the

habitat under study, which may be associated with its

predominance in this location. The difference of this result

in relation to those of other studies, may be justified due to

riparian forests being composed of species from adjacent

formations, Rodrigues (2000), besides species characteristic

of this type of forest formation, favored by the presence of

adaptations to environments susceptible to flooding

(KOSLOWSKI, 2002). It may also be associated due to the

practice of itinerant agriculture in these habitats, which can

lead to the modification and loss of flora in those places

(RNM, 2016; PNQ, 2012), since PNQ is strongly occupied

by human communities, while Taratibu is a concessionary

portion of PNQ that benefits from a more rigorous

protection which leaves its habitats more conserved and

consequently less modified.

5.2. Semi-enclosed habitat of bamboo and

Milletia

deciduous forest

In this habitat, the species Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A.

Rich) Munro of the subfamily Bambusoideae occurs in the

herbaceous stratum with greater dominance. This result is

similar to the study by (BANDEIRA et al., 2008) in the

bamboo forest of the Quirimbas National Park and differs

from the open bamboo forest of the southwestern Amazon

region that presents the species Guadua weberbaueri with

greater dominance, also belonging to the same subfamily

(NELSON, 1994). However, species of the subfamily

Bambusoideae often occur in humid locations

(JUDZIEWICZ et al., 1999). This difference may be related

to the aerial method used (NELSON, 1994), as it allows to

sample more comprehensively the areas of interest

(HELMER et al., 2015).

According to BANDEIRA et al. (2008), it was also

recorded in its tree stratum the species of the genus Milletia

with greater dominance, because it is associated with

bamboos. According to PALGRAVE (2002) the Milletia

stuhlmannii is a species that naturally occurs in areas of high

humidity and in riparian zones, a result also recorded in this

work. It differs from the open bamboo forest of the

southwestern Amazon region in which Acacia polyphylla and

Zanthoxylum rhoifolium dominates. This difference may be

associated due to the plot sampling method used

(SILVEIRA, 2001), as it allows quantifying all individuals

within the plot, which reach the inclusion criteria (MORO;

MARTINS 2011).

5.3. Open Mountain Habitat, Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-

Inselberg

In the mountain habitat, the species Xerophyta argentea was

recorded with the highest dominance. According to

POREMBSKI (2007), this species presents adaptations to

survive environmental stress in these areas, such as

desiccation and low nutrient availability in the soil.

And studies done by BANDEIRA et al., (2008) in

Inselbergs of Quirimbas National Park show the species

Xerophyta spp. belonging to the same genus with greater

predominance. This result differs from the ones from

MACHADO-FILHO (2012) conducted on rocky outcrops

in Northeast Brazil, which recorded the Fabaceae family with

greater dominance in this type of habitat. This difference may

be associated with the fact that inselbergs are floristically

characterized by vegetation adapted to xerophytic

environments through morphological and physiological

changes (POREMBSKI; BARTHOTT, 2000). Because the

Fabaceae family presents survival strategies in this type of

environment and is a numerous family (PEREIRA et al.,

2011; BARBOSA et al., 2007).

For the herbaceous stratum there is occurrence with

greater dominance the species Aloe chabaudii and is justified

by the fact that this is also quite common in rocky

environments (POREMBSKI, 2007). A study carried out by

BANDEIRA et al., (2008) in Quirimbas National Park also

revealed the same result, the same can be affirmed in the

results found by POREMBSKI (2007) in rocky environments

of Madagascar in Malagasy.

5.4. Semi-open Miombo deciduous forest habitat

In the miombo woodland habitat, Julbernardia globiflora

was the most dominant and most important species in

ecological terms at this site, as is one of the most

predominant species in Miombo woodland and has the

capacity to withstand adverse habitat conditions

(CAMPBELL, 1996), this result is similar with UETELA,

(2014) in a Miombo woodland of Pindanyanga in Manica and

Habitats characterization in the Taratibu, Quirimbas National Park-PNQ, Ancuabe District, Mozambique

Nativa, Sinop, v. 10, n. 2, p. 259-268, 2022.

266

MACUEIA (2018) unpublished data, in Taratibu

Concession.

In the herbaceous stratum, it was recorded with greater

dominance of Digitaria sp. This result was also verified in

Quirimbas National Park, as being one of the species that

occurs with greater dominance in that location (GNRB,

2009), as it belongs to the Poaceae family of great ecological

importance due to the presence of its species in various

ecosystems (WELKER; LONGHI-WAGNER, 2007).

5.5. Closed Rain Forest habitat

Pouteria

In this habitat the species Pouteria pseudoracemosa of the

Sapotaceae family showed the highest number of individuals

and the highest value of importance. Its dominance may be

associated with the fact that this family has a wide

distribution in tropical regions. (CARNEIRO et al., 2013),

and for being part of rainforests. It may also be associated

with the greatest diversity of the Pouteria genus within the

Sapotaceae family (PENNINGTON, 1990). Most of its

species occur in humid forest regions (PENNINGTON,

1990; CASTRO et al., 2006), characteristics found in this

habitat under study.

According to PENNINGTON (1990), the Sapotaceae

family is very important in the African region as it contributes

fundamentally to the abundance of individuals and ecological

importance.

However, this result is like that found by KURTZ;

ARAÚJO, (2000) in the Ombrophylous dense forest, where

the Sapotaceae family was one of those that presented the

greatest number of species and highest value of importance.

Its herbaceous stratum is almost absent. This may be

related to the greater dominance of the tree stratum that does

not allow the incidence of light on the lower stratum. This

characteristic resembles those of the Atlantic Rainforest

(MELO; MANTOVANI, 1994). However, only the species

Anchomanes abbreviates, belonging to the Araceae family was

recorded. This result was also verified in an Ombrophylous

dense forest north of the São Francisco River, which showed

a strong potential of the Araceae family from a large part of

the Amazonian Domain (CABRERA; WILLINK, 1980). Its

dominance is probably that this family is naturally

cosmopolitan (JUDD et al., 1999), presenting a variety of life

forms which confers great potential for colonizing different

habitats (CROAT, 1990), occurring in areas varying from

semi-desert to rainforest or mountainous regions (MAYO et

al., 1997).

5. CONCLUSIONS

The characterization of the different habitats in the

Taratibu Concession, allowed a better understanding of the

environmental variations and the associated specific richness.

Having classified and described closed seasonal Riverine-

Siphonochilus and Rowsonia habitat, semi-closed Bamboo and

Milletia deciduous forest habitat, open Vellozio-

euphorbiaceae-Inselberg Mountain habitat, semi-open

miombo forest habitat and Closed Rain Forest habitat

Pouteria.

Of the five habitats identified and characterised, 90

species were found and 75 were identified.

The semi-open Miombo deciduous forest habitat and

Seasonal stream Siphonochilus and Rowsonia revealed highest

number of species. And the open forest habitat of Mountain,

Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg as well as Bamboo, were the

ones that revealed lower number of species compared to the

others, due to greater homogeneity of these.

The density and dominance differed between habitats,

where the Riverine Forest habitat showed higher density

value and higher dominance value in relation to the others.

Of the habitats characterized, there were no great differences

in temperature due to the closer proximity of the habitats.

Regarding luminosity, the open Mountain Forest habitat

Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg was the only one that

presented a totally open canopy tree and the closed

Rainforest habitat Pouteria and Riverine showed higher

canopy cover than the others.

Soil moisture varies between habitats, with the semi-open

Miombo deciduous forest habitat and open Mountain Forest,

Vellozio-euphorbiaceae-Inselberg the ones that showed a dry

soil gradient and the semi-closed Bamboo and Closed Rain

Forest habitat Pouteria showed a wet soil gradient. And in the

closed seasonal riparian habitat Siphonochilus and Rowsonia a

periodically waterlogged soil gradient was recorded.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

To Mr. Jacobs Von Landsberg, owner of the Taratibu

concession for his permission to carry out the research. To

Emersone João, Yasalde Massingue, Francisca Andicene and

Jaquina Muruto who supported the fieldwork.

Eduardo F is funded by national funds (OE), through

FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., in the

scope of the framework contract foreseen in the numbers 4,

5 and 6 of the article 23, of the Decree-Law 57/2016, of

August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, of July 19. Thanks are

due to CESAM by FCT/MCTES

(UIDP/50017/2020+UIDB/50017/2020+

LA/P/0094/2020), through national funds.

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