Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
Pesquisas Agrárias e Ambientais
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v9i4.12352 ISSN: 2318-7670
Pruning height in
Eucalyptus
clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system
Marcelo Dias MÜLLER1*, Mirton José Frota MORENZ1,
Leonardo Henrique Ferreira CALSAVARA2, Carlos Eugênio MARTINS1
1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.
2 Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural de Minas Gerais, Coronel Xavier Chaves, MG, Brasil.
*E-mail: marcelo.muller@embrapa.br
(ORCID: 0000-0003-1225-0659; 0000-0001-9106-4744; 0000-0002-2654-2559; 0000-0001-6510-4570)
Recebido em 07/05/2021; Aceito em 29/08/2021; Publicado em 20/09/2021.
ABSTRACT: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of pruning intensity on the diameter and
height of three Eucalyptus clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system. The study followed a completely
randomized block design in a split-plot arrangement, with repeated measures in time. Plots were represented
by three Eucalyptus clones (VE01, VE07 and VE06) and sub-plots were represented by three pruning heights
(0%, 25% and 50% of total tree height), and the repeated measures were months. Trees were pruned at 18 and
24 months after planting, by keeping the same proportion of pruning Heights. Diameter at Breast Height
(DBH) and total Tree Height (Ht) were measured every six months since the first pruning; periodic increase in
both variables was calculated. Clone VE01 recorded DBH and Ht values lower than the ones recorded for
VE07 and VE06. Pruning treatments did not show significant effects on tree growth.
Keywords: silviculture; agroforestry; diameter at breast height; total tree height.
Altura de desrama em clones de eucalipto estabelecidos
em um sistema agrossilvipastoril
RESUMO: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da intensidade de desrama no crescimento
em diâmetro e altura total de três clones de eucalipto estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril. Foi
utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições, sendo
a parcela representada por três clones de eucalipto (VE01, VE07 e VE06) e a sub-parcela por três alturas de
desrama (0%, 25% e 50% da altura total da árvore). Foram aplicadas duas desramas sequenciais, aos 18 e 24
meses, mantendo-se as proporções de altura. Foram medidos o diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) e altura total
das árvores (Ht) a cada seis meses após a primeira desrama e calculados os incrementos periódicos para ambas
as variáveis. O fator clone afetou as variáveis estudadas, com diferenças significativas entre o clone VE01 e os
clones VE07 e VE06, sendo o primeiro o que apresentou os menores valores para ambas as variáveis. A altura
de desrama não apresentou efeito significativo no crescimento das árvores dos três clones, de forma que se
deve indicar a desrama de 50% da altura das árvores em duas intervenções sequenciais.
Palavras-chave: tratos silviculturais; agrossilvicultura; diâmetro a altura do peito; altura total.
1. INTRODUCTION
Agrosilvopastoral systems have been reported as
important alternative for sustainable agricultural production,
since it integrates pastures, crops, tree and animal species in
the same area in order to optimize and diversify production,
as well as to mitigate environmental impacts caused by
livestock production (BOSI et al., 2020). These systems
reduce erosion, improve water conservation, capture and fix
carbon, reduce the need of applying mineral fertilizers, as well
as improve soil microfauna and animal comfort.
In addition to environmental aspects, these systems
enable diversifying farms’ income through the obtainment of
forest products (MÜLLER et al., 2011). In order to enable a
more profitable use of this component, it is necessary
applying specific silvicultural techniques capable of
producing high-quality solid wood for noble use (WANG;
ZENG, 2016).
Thus, thinning and pruning are the main tools used to
achieve these goals. Early thinning is not often used in
agrosilvopastoral systems; thus, pruning emerges as the main
practice to obtain quality wood (FERRAZ FILHO et al.,
2016a). Artificial pruning consists in removing the lower part
of tree canopy by cutting branches close to the trunk. Based
on this technique, scars left by removed branches are
restricted to the most central parts of the tree. In addition, it
improves wood quality, mainly for sawmill using, because it
reduces live and dead knots (VALE et al., 2002) and increases
the extent of clean wood, larger and straighter boles, (POLLI
et al., 2006; SPIECKER, 2021). Pruning is also an important
management practice to regulate the competition for
resources among the system’s components (ORTEGA-
VARGAS et al., 2019). According to Machado (2014), if this
procedure is carried out early in systems integrating pastures
and annual crops, it can still prevent likely injuries to trees
caused by herbicide drift, as well as favors its application.
Planting arrangements in agrosilvopastoral systems are
designed to optimize solar radiation distribution among
different strata, through the adoption of broader spacing
between trees to enable crops and pastures to receive the
Müller et al.
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
387
necessary amount of this resource in order to maintain their
photosynthetic activity and sustainable yield. Consequently,
there is increased development of branches with thicker
diameters in the basal portions of trees (VALE et al., 2002;
FONTAN et al., 2011).
The practice of pruning changes the architecture of trees,
and it can compromise their growth, mainly when the leaf
area is significantly reduced (PULROLNIK et al., 2005;
CEZANA et al., 2012). Thus, it is essential understanding the
impact of pruning intensity on tree growth in order to
develop a pruning regime to enable quality wood production
without affecting tree growth and production (ALCORN et
al., 2008b).
Pruning management must adjust its frequency and
intensity to plants’ age to enable injuries to heal faster
(POLLI et al, 2006). These factors can change depending on
the genetic material and quality of the site, as well as on
plants’ vigor and age (PULROLNIK et al., 2005;
FORRESTER, 2013).
Thus, it is important emphasizing that the scientific
literature about pruning application in eucalyptus
monocultures presents controversial results, and it makes it
hard to establish a clear line of action, as pointed out by
Tonini et al. (2016). Studies about integrated systems are even
more scarce; the most current references comprise studies
conducted by Vale et al., (2002), Fontan et al. (2011),
Machado (2014), Tonini et al. (2016) and Ferraz Filho et al.
(2016b).
Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the
effect of artificial pruning height on the growth (in diameter)
and height of three eucalyptus clones established in
agrosilvopastoral system in Coronel Xavier Chaves County /
MG.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Study Location
The study was carried out at Sítio das Gabirobas, which
is a family-based dairy farm in Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG,
(21°00’44.75” S; 44°12’28.42” W). According to the Köppen-
Geiger classification, the climate in the region is classified as
Subtropical highland type (Cwb). Monthly rainfall rate
reaches 217 mm in Spring/Summer and 15.6 mm in Winter;
mean daily air temperature reaches 21.9°C in Spring/Summer
and 17.3°C in Winter (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Mean temperatures and Rainfall during the experiment period (Agritempo, 2021).
Figura 1. Temperaturas médias e precipitação durante o período do experimento (Agritempo, 2021)
2.2. Agrosilvopastoral System
The experiment was installed in November 2009 within a
4.5-ha area with dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol, slightly wavy
relief and maximum slope angle of 10°. Average soil chemical
properties in the area were: pH (water), 5.5; organic matter
(OM), 2.1 dag/kg; P(Mehlich-1), 0.9 mg/dm3; K(Mehlich-1), 51.0
mg/dm3; Ca, 0.9 cmolc/dm3; Mg, 0.2 cmolc/dm3; Al, 0.1
cmolc/dm3; H + Al, 3.6 cmolc/dm3.
Trees were established at spatial arrangements (with
double rows) spaced 28 meters from each other. Tree rows
within these spatial arrangements were spaced 3 meters from
each other, whereas plants in the rows were spaced 2 meters
from each other; total density was 323 plants ha-1.
In the first year, Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu
intercropped with maize hybrid (AG 1051) was sowed at
spacing between rows of 0.8 and population density of
50,000 plants ha-1. The silvopastoral system was maintained
from the second year onwards, using lactating Holstein x
Zebu cows, under rotational stocking regime, with resting
periods ranging between 24-28 days and paddock occupation
ranging of 3-5 days, depending on the time of the year.
The experiment implementation process used 400 kg ha-
1 of 08-30-16+zn formula, which was applied with the aid of
spreader at the bottom of the maize sowing furrow, in
association with 200 kg ha-1 of simple superphosphate,
before brachiaria seeding. In addition, 150 g pit-1 of 08-30-
0
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2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Rainfall (mm)
Temperature (oC)
Rainfall Minimun temperature Average temperature Maximun temperature
Pruning height in Eucalyptus clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
388
16+zn formula was applied at the bottom of the pit, at tree
planting time. Cover fertilization with 350 kg ha-1 of 20-05-
20 formula was applied to maize, distributed in two equal
portions, at 25 and 35 days after sowing. Cover fertilization
with 150 g pit-1 of 20-05-20 formula was applied to
eucalyptus, distributed over the soil around the treetop, in
two portions: the first one was applied at 60 days and the
second one, at 90 days after planting. Cover fertilization
based on the very same aforementioned amounts was
reapplied in the second year.
2.3. Experimental design
The factors were distributed according to a randomized
block design with subdivided plot scheme (Table 1), with
repeated measures in time. The clones were allocated in the
plots, while pruning it in the subplots, and measurement
times (months) considered as repeated measures.
Table 1. Treatments applied to three Eucalyptus clones established in
an agrosilvopastoral system in Coronel Xavier Chaves County/MG.
Tabela 1. Tratamentos aplicados a três clones de Eucalyptus
estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril no Município de
Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG
Treatments
Ht before pruning
Pruning Ht
Clone
Height
1
st
2
nd
1
st
2
nd
VE01
0%
6.11
7.49
-
-
25%
6.07
7.56
1.5
1.9
50%
6.32
8.07
3.0
4
VE07
0%
7.00
8.64
-
-
25%
6.76
8.26
1.7
2
50%
7.08
8.76
3.5
4.4
VE06
0%
7.62
8.90
-
-
25%
7.63
8.88
1.7
2.2
50%
7.52
9.04
3.7
4.5
1st = first pruning at 18 months; 2nd = second pruning at 24 months
Three clones of a hybrid deriving from Eucalyptus urophylla
S. T. Blake x Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden (VE01 –
Copebrás 69, VE07 – Cenibra 57 and VE06 - GG 100),
collected at Esteio Nursery in São João Del Rey County /
MG were used; three pruning heights in comparison to total
tree height (0%, 25% and 50%), in six times (18, 24, 30, 36,
42 and 52 months). The first pruning was performed in 18-
month-old plants and the second pruning was performed in
24-month-old plants, by maintaining these percentages.
Pruning saw equipped with extension cable (2.0m to 6.0m)
was used to cut the branches perpendicularly to their
insertion and close to the trunk.
Each plot comprised six trees; thus, 18 trees were
measured in each of the nine treatments - 162 trees, in total.
2.4. Data collection and analysis
Circumference at breast height (CBH) was measured with
measuring tape at 1.30 m from the ground and total tree
height (Ht) was measured with Abney level at 18 (before the
first pruning application), 24 (before the second pruning
application), 30, 36, 42 and 52 months of age. CBH values
were converted into diameter at breast height (DBH).
The data were analysed in a randomized complete block
design in a subdivided plot scheme with repeated measures
in time. The systems were allocated in the whole plot and the
seasons of the year in the smallest parcel. Mixed models were
used with the PROC MIXED of SAS® (SAS, 2001),
considering the clone, the pruning, the month and their
interactions as fixed effects and the blocks and the error as
random effects. The choice of the covariance matrix was
based on the Akaike information criterion (WOLFINGER,
1993), adopting the following sources of variation: block,
clone, pruning, months and their interactions. The averages
were compared by Tukey test, using the LSMEANS
command. For all analyses, was considered a significant
effect was considered when P≤0.05, and a tendency when
0.05 < P ≤ 0.10.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Growth in DBH
There was no effect of pruning treatments (P = 0.29) or
interaction of the factors (P > 0.05) on the DBHb. Diameter
at breast height (DBH) was influenced by clone (P = 0.03)
(Table 2) and time (P < 0.01) (Figure 2).
Table 2. Mean diameter at breast height (DBH) of three Eucalyptus
clones (at different ages) established in an agrosilvopastoral system,
subjected to three pruning intensities, in Coronel Xavier Chaves
/MG, Brazil.
Tabela 2. Diâmetro médio à altura do peito (DAP) de três clones de
Eucalyptus (em diferentes idades) estabelecidos em um sistema
agrossilvipastoril, submetido a três intensidades de poda, em
Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brasil.
Clone
SE
VE01
VE06
VE07
12
.
64
b
13
.
74
a
13
.
19
ab
0.3923
Figure 2. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of Eucalyptus clones at
different ages established in an agrosilvopastoral system, subjected
to three pruning intensities, in Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brazil.
Figura 2. Diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) de clones de Eucalyptus
em diferentes idades estabelecidos em um sistema
agrossilvopastoril, submetidos a três intensidades de poda, em
Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brasil.
The VE06 clone recorded the highest DBH values at all
three pruning throughout the experimental period; it was
followed by the VE07 clone, although there were not
statistically significant differences between them. The VE01
clone recorded the lowest DBH values (p < 0.05) in
comparison to the other clones, after 30 months of age.
The VE06 clone stood out with the highest DBH values
at 52 months of age (34 months after the first pruning), in
comparison to the other two clones.
Factors ‘clone’ and ‘pruning height’ did not affect
periodic increase in DBH. Thus, clear trend in this parameter
was not observed in the applied treatments. However, as
shown in Figure 3, periodic DBH increments recorded for all
three clones have decreased among evaluated periods up to
42 months of age, in all treatments (means: 3.01 cm, from 18
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
15 25 35 45 55
Months
DBH
Müller et al.
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
389
to 24 months; 2.49 cm, from 24 to 30 months; 1.90 cm, from
30 to 36 months; and 1.84 cm, from 36 to 42 months).
The highest DBH increase was observed in the last
evaluation period (4.21 cm, from 42 to 52 months); it
happened because this 12-month period was the one
encompassing the entire annual growth cycle of plants.
Figure 3. Diameter at breast height increment (centimeters period-1)
of three Eucalyptus clones (at different ages) established in an
agrosilvopastoral system, subjected to three pruning heights, in
Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brazil.
Figura 3. Incremento do diâmetro à altura do peito (centímetros
período-1) de três clones de Eucalyptus (em diferentes idades)
estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril, submetido a três
alturas de poda, em Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brasil.
3.1. Growth in Ht
As observed for the DBH, the Ht was not affected by
pruning treatments (P = 0.48), as well as other interactions
(P > 0.05). Total tree height was influenced by ‘clone’ (P <
0.01) and time (P < 0.01), with interaction of this factors (P
< 0.01).
Unfolding the interaction ‘clone x months’, studying
clones in each month, it is observed that the clone V01
presented the lower values in all months, compared to the
others. The clones V06 and V07 were different only at the
months 30 and 52 (Table 3).
Table 3. Total height (Ht) of three Eucalyptus clones (at different
ages) established in an agrosilvopastoral system in function of age
(months).
Tabela 3. Altura total (Ht) de três clones de Eucalyptus (em
diferentes idades) estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvipastoril em
função da idade (meses).
Months Clone SE
V01 V06 V07
18 6.17fB 7.59fA 6.95fA
0.42
24 7.71eB 8.94eA 8.55eA
30 11.28dC 12.93dA
12.15dB
36 12.79cB 14.27cA
13.64cA
42 15.16bB 16.72bA
16.60bA
52 21.96aC 27.23aA
23.72aB
Means followed by same letters, uppercase in line and lowercase in columns,
are not different by Tukey test (P > 0.05).
The VE06 clone at 52 months of age (34 months after
the first pruning) recorded significant increase in total tree
height, which resulted in the highest values observed for this
variable in comparison to the other two clones (Figure 4).
Figure 4. Total height (Ht) of Eucalyptus clones at different ages
established in an agrosilvopastoral system, subjected to three
pruning intensities, in Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brazil.
Figura 4. Altura total (Ht) de clones de Eucalyptus em diferentes
idades estabelecidos em um sistema agrossilvopastoril, submetidos
a três intensidades de poda, em Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brasil.
Growth in height (1.5 meter in all treatments, on average)
within six months (18-24 months), after the first pruning
applied at 18 months was lower than that observed in the six
months period after the second pruning at 24 (3.72 meters,
on average). Than, lower growth (1.45 meter, on average) was
observed in the following period (30-36 months); values
increased from this point onwards, as seen in Figure 5 (2.74
meters from 36 to 42 months and of 8.0 meters from 42 to
52 months, on average).
4. DISCUSSION
According to Zhang; Liu (2021), nonstructural
carbohidrates levels in Poplar trees, fluctuate during the
growing season regardless of the pruning intensities, which
could explain the lack of significant diferences among
pruning height treatments on tree height and diameter
grwoth of Eucalyptus clones.
These parameters were affected only by clone treatments,
as expected (PULROLNIK et al., 2005). Ramirez et al. (2018)
also confirm this theory. These authors suggested that the
better development of Acer platanoides when compared to Acer
saccharinum, after pruning, may be due to its better capacity to
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
cm period-1
No pruning VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
cm period-1
Height 25% VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,00
5,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
cm period-1
Height 50% VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
5
10
15
20
25
30
15 25 35 45 55
Total height (m)
Evaluation period (months)
V01
V06
V07
Pruning height in Eucalyptus clones established in an agrosilvopastoral system
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
390
maintain higher levels of carbohydrates on aboveground
organs.
Figure 5. Periodic increase in total height (meters period-1) of three
Eucalyptus clones (at different ages) established in an
agrosilvopastoral system, subjected to three pruning heights, in
Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG, Brazil.
Figura 5. Aumento periódico da altura total (metros período-1) de
três clones de Eucalyptus (em diferentes idades) estabelecidos em
um sistema agrossilvopastoril, submetido a três alturas de poda, em
Coronel Xavier Chaves / MG, Brasil.
DBH increments decreased up to 42 months (24 months
after the first prunning and 18 months after the second).
According to Alcorn et al. (2008a), highly intense pruning
(over 50%) leads to reduced growth in DBH and Ht for
longer periods-of-time (up to 12 months). They have
investigated the effect of pruning intensities on Eucalyptus
pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana planted in monoculture
system. Results have shown that the removal of up to 20%
of the treetop did not affect tree growth, whereas the removal
of up to 50% of it delayed diametric increase for up to 8
months.
This outcome can be explained by trees’ ability to recover
moderate losses in the photosynthetic area without
permanent damage to growth rates (ALCORN et al, 2008a;
LANDHÄUSSER; LIEFFERS, 2012). Zhang; Liu (2021),
observed that moderate pruning (1/3 of tree height) did not
affect the hability of 12 years old Poplar trees recover
compensatory growth. Maurin; Desrochers (2013) also
confirmed that moderate pruning during summer season is
the best option for hybrid poplar trees.
According to Júnior; Seitz (2015), the maintenance of up
to 50% of the treetop did not significantly affect growth in
DBH of Eucalytpus dunnii plants grown in monoculture
system. In this sense, the results obtained in this study suggest
that removing 50% of the crown will not compromise tree
growth. In addition, more cylindrical shafts and consequently
better quality wood will be produced.
On the other hand, Ferraz Filho et al. (2016b) observed
negative effect of pruning applied at 12 months of age on
clones of E. grandis × E. urophylla hybrid established in a
silvopastoral system and subjected to removal of 40% and
60% of treetop in comparison to lower pruning intensities
(0% to 20 %). According to the aforementioned authors,
dead branches were not observed at the base of the treetop
at treatments’ application time. This finding indicates that
this portion of the treetop remained capable of significantly
contributing to tree growth.
Spacing in single rows enables treetops to have wide
access to incident light, so they receive solar radiation from
all sides. The planting arrangement adopted in the present
study was installed in double rows, and it often results in the
early shading of leaves at the base of the treetop, within the
space between tree rows (Figure 6). Lisboa et al (2014)
observed that in the basal sections of unpruned Eucalyptus
regnans trees the photosynthetic rates were lower than in the
upper sections wich was assigned to crown closure.
Paula et al. (2013), observed greater diameter growth in
single rows arrangement (9 x 3 m) when compared with
double rows arrangement (9 m x (3 x 3 m)).
Results in the current study also contradict those
presented by Pulrolnik et al. (2005), who observed that
eucalyptus plants established in conventional planting
spacing, with higher proportion of treetop remaining after
pruning at 20 months of age, presented greater periodic DBH
increase, whereas the other plants made greater investment
in treetop recovery at the expense of DBH in the months
following the pruning. This outcome was corroborated by
Alcorn et al. (2008a).
The behavior observed for periodic increase in total tree
height may be associated with periods of higher and lower
rainfall rates. Pruning applied at 18 months took place at the
peak of the least rainy season, whereas pruning applied at 24
months was carried out exactly at the peak of the rainiest
season. These results are corroborated by those observed by
Lisboa et al (2014), for E. regnans trees.
The wider spacing used in agrosilvopastoral systems leads
to reduced competition for light and, consequently, to better
use of this resource by treetops, for longer periods-of-time.
This, according to Silva et al. (2016), would also explain the
grater variation among measured data. The greater
photosynthetically active radiation availability resulting from
pruning can lead to increased carbon assimilation by the
remaining treetop. Consequently, it enables faster leaf area
recovery at the same levels as before pruning and,
accordingly, it enables faster treetop recovery (FONTAN et
al., 2011; LISBOA et al., 2014). This outcome is associated
with higher photosynthetic activity observed in leaves grown
in the upper parts of the treetop (ALCORN et al., 2008b;
LANDHÄUSSER; LIEFFERS, 2012).
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
m period-1
No pruning VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
m period-1
Height 25% VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
0,00
2,00
4,00
6,00
8,00
10,00
12,00
18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 42-52
m period-1
Height 50% VE 01
VE 07
VE 06
Müller et al.
Nativa, Sinop, v. 9, n. 4, p. 386-392, 2021.
391
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. Light incidence on the top of trees arranged in single (a) and double rows (b).
Figura 6. Incidência luminosa no topo das árvores dispostas em fileiras simples (a) e duplas (b).
5. CONCLUSIONS
VE06 and VE07 clones performed better than VE01 in
diameter at breast height and total height, at all pruning levels.
The pruning heights evaluated did not influenced the
growth in diameter at breast height and total plant height of
three eucalyptus clones established in agrosilvopastoral
system.
Thus, treetop pruning up to 50% of total tree height, at
18 and 24 months of age, can be recommended to enable
quality wood production with lower operating costs, without
prejudice to the system yield.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr. Vanderlei dos Reis - the
owner of Sítio das Gabirobas (Coronel Xavier Chaves/MG)
- for his initiative to adopt the tested technology and for
making himself available to interact and participate in this
research. The authors would also like to thank Emater / MG,
Bünge and the ILPF Network, for their support in all stages
of this project.
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